英文畢業(yè)論文匯總十篇

序論：好文章的創(chuàng)作是一個不斷探索和完善的過程，我們?yōu)槟扑]十篇英文畢業(yè)論文范例，希望它們能助您一臂之力，提升您的閱讀品質(zhì)，帶來更深刻的閱讀感受。

篇（1）

在畢業(yè)論文中有著起到非常重要作用的就是畢業(yè)論文致謝了，那么你們知道畢業(yè)論文致謝英文應(yīng)該怎么撰寫嗎？下面是學(xué)術(shù)參考網(wǎng)小編為朋友們搜集整理的畢業(yè)論文致謝英文，希望可以幫到你~

Acknowledgements

MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.

Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.

Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis

篇（2）

Itisasignificantandunforgettableexperienceformetospendsuchalongtimeonwriting，modifyingandpolishingthisthesis.Manykind-heartedpeoplegivemeagreatamountofhelp，professionaladviceandencouragement.Thus，hereIwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetothem.

Firstofall，IwillshowmysincerethankstomysupervisorProfessorJiaAiwuwhohasgivenmeinvaluableguidanceandconstantsupportandencouragementthroughoutthewholeprocesses.DuringmystudyofEnglisheducationinthistwoahalfyearsandthewittingofthisthesis，shehasalwaysbeengeneroustooffermeusefulsuggestions，answermyquestionanddiscussresearchquestionswithme.Herdetailguidanceandhelpfulcommentsonmythesisencouragemetoovercomedifficultiesandthinkmorecriticallyduringtheprocessesofwriting.

Secondly，IwillalsoexpressmysinceregratitudetootherprofessorandteacherswhohadgivemeconstructivesuggestiontomythesisandthankstothemforinstructingmetoconstructmyknowledgeinEnglishteachinginthepasttwoandahalfyears.

Thirdly，Iwanttothankallmyaffectionateclassmatesandfriends.Duringthetwoahalfyears'studyandthewritingofthisthesis，theyhavegivenmealotofsupportandencouragementintheirownways.

Atlast，Iwillgivethedeepestgratitudetomyfamilyfortheirregretlesssupportandlovetome.

論文致謝二：

Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorJiaAiwu.Ihavebenefitedtremendouslyfromhercriticalthinkingandinsightfulviewpoint.Throughhispatientinstruction，Ifinallyfocusedontheobjectstudiedinthisthesis，andobtainedvaluableadviceonaspectsrangingfromframeworkconstructinganddatacollectiontoelaboratedanalysis.

Secondly，I'mprofuselygratefultomyrespectedpredecessorsandteachers.

Withouttheirprecioussuggestions，Icouldnothavecomethisfarinthisthesis.

Moreover，Iowemythankstomyfamilyandfriends，whohavealwayssupportedmewiththeirgenerousencouragementsandpraises.

Lastbutnotleast，Isincerelythankmyfellowclassmates.Wesharejoysandanxieties，whichpropelsusforwardtogetherthroughoutthearduousjourney.

論文致謝三：

Theaccomplishmentofthisthesishascoveredhalfayear，sexperimentandanotherhalfayear'sanalysis.Itcannotbedeniedthatwholeprocessisquitetough.Despitealltheproblemsduringresearchandlimitations，thethesisfinallycomesintobeing.However，thiscannotbeachievedwithoutthehelpofmanypeople.

Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetomydistinguishedandrespectablesupervisor，Prof.QiYuanfang，forhisall-alongsupportsduringnotonlytheresearchprocess，butthewholepost-graduateyear.Heistheonewhogivesmeinspirationofthethesistopic，enlightensmeempiricalmethodhelpsmeconductteachingexperiment，andinstructsmeanalyzingapproaches.Ihavetosaythatthisthesisisbornfromhisinsightfulinstructionsandwarmencouragement.

Secondly，IalsoownmyappreciationtoProf，Gongrongwhogivesmealotofinspiration，insightfuladviceandinstructions.

Andalso，thisthesiscannotbeaccomplishedwithoutteachersofForeignLanguagesSchoolwhoimpartknowledgetomeandclassmateswhooffermehelp.

Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoextendmythankstothestudentsparticipatinginthisresearchfortheirpatientcorporation.

論文致謝四：

IwouldliketodedicatemypapertoallthosewhohaveofferedmetremendousassistanceduringthethreeyearsinZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics.

Firstofall，myheartiestthanksflowtomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，forhishelpfulguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Hisprofoundinsightandaccuratenessaboutmypapertaughtmesomuchthattheyareengravedonmyheart.Heprovidedmewithbeneficialhelpandofferedmepreciouscommentsduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，withoutwhichthepaperwouldnotbewhatitisnow.

Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversitythatgreatlybroadenedmyhorizonandenrichedmyknowledgeinmystudy.Theirinspirationalandconscientiousteachinghaveprovidedmewithafirmbasisforthecomposingofthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvaluetomyfutureacademicresearch.

Mythanksalsogotothescholarswhosemonographsandacademicpapershaveenlightenedmeinthewritingofthispaper.

Finally，Iwouldliketoextendmydeepgratefulnesstomyfamilyandfriends，especiallymythreeroommates，ChenLinghua，GongShaandHuangJin，whoseencouragementandsupporthavemademyaccomplishmentspossible.

論文致謝五：

ThisthesiswouldnotcomeintobeingifIhadnotreceivedhelpfrommysupervisor，teachers，classmates，andfamily.Theyofferedmesomuchencouragement，withoutwhichIcouldhavealreadygivenup.ButbeforeIexpressmysincerestgratitudetothem，IwouldthankmyGod.ItwasalwaysHewhofirstcametohelpmewhenmyfaithwasinfluencedbyBlake'sunorthodoxtheologicalthinking.AgainitwasHewhogavemewisdomandpatiencetodowhateverIdidforhisglory.

“Whateveryourhandfindstodo，doitwithallyourmight.”(NIV，Ecclesiastes9：10)AndhereistheprayerwhenIwasinthevalleyofdespair：“MaythefavoroftheLordourGodrestuponus；establishtheworkofourhandsforus-yes，establishtheworkofourhands.”(Psalm91：17)ItisHisfaithfulnessandunfailinglovethaturgedmetowritethethesiswithallmymight.

MysupervisorXuXiaodongdidoffermesomuchhelpthatIfeelsogratefultohim.Hehaslentmeoverthirtyvaluablemonographs，biographies，anthologies，andcollectionsofessays.Nearlyallofthebookswereboughtfromabroadathisownexpense.Hisferventloveforliterature，hisrelentlesspursuitofknowledge，andhismeticulousattitudetowardsresearchmanifestthepersonalitiesandqualitiesIshouldcultivateasaqualifiedscholar.WheneverIsenthimanarticlehealwaysgavemeprecioussuggestionsthatreallyimprovedmycriticalthinkingalot.FormanytimesIfailedtokeepmypromise，heforgavemeandkeptencouragingmetopursuemystudies.Igivemymostgenuinelygratitudetohimforhisgeneroushelp.

Besidesmysupervisor，Ihavebenefitedfrommanyotherteachers.Prof.ZhangRuwen，Prof.YiJianhong，Prof.JiangYuebin，SunJiurongandWeiLina，theyhavetaughtmemanycriticalapproachesandbroadenedthescopeofmyknowledgeinvariousfieldsofliterature.Moreover，Iwouldliketoextendmygratitudetomyclassmatesandroommates.Theytaughtmehowtobalancestudyandrest.Ialsothankmyfamily，especiallymysister，whocametomyschoolmanytimestovisitme.

篇（3）

 

1.0 前言

近15年，體裁（genre）和體裁分析（genre analysis）成為第一語言和第二語言教學(xué)領(lǐng)域里的熱門話題（Hyon 1996）。我國不少專家、學(xué)者都試圖把這種理論應(yīng)用在具有特定交際目的的篇章上，如分析農(nóng)業(yè)英語論文摘要（易興霞，2006），分析應(yīng)用語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)文章的宏觀和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)（楊瑞英，2006）畢業(yè)論文模板，分析商務(wù)促銷類語篇（王宏俐, 郭繼榮，2006）等。本文擬從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手，分析主要交際目的為說服潛在客戶購買商家所提供的產(chǎn)品或接受其服務(wù)的英文促銷信的表現(xiàn)形式，圖式結(jié)構(gòu)和特殊信息，并通過分析語義的文化預(yù)設(shè)和搭配意義，加深對促銷信的語言表面特征的認(rèn)識。

2.0理論依據(jù)

2.1體裁

語言學(xué)中的體裁（genre）不同于文學(xué)中的體裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 認(rèn)為體裁是在特定社會文化背景下對人類交際事件進行分類的結(jié)果。所謂交際事件就是人們按照特定目的和特定程式運用語言在社會中辦事的實例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的體裁理論基礎(chǔ)上做了進一步的完善, 認(rèn)為:1)體裁是一種可辨認(rèn)的交際事件;2)體裁不是一般的交際事件 ,而是一種內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)特征鮮明,高度約定俗成的交際事件;3)在建構(gòu)語篇時 ,必須遵循某種特定體裁所要求的慣例;4)盡管體裁有其慣例和制約性, 內(nèi)行人仍可在體裁規(guī)定內(nèi)傳達(dá)個人意圖和交際目的。因此交際目的往往決定應(yīng)該使用哪種體裁，而體裁的常規(guī)性又維我們提供了可以遵循的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)潛勢。

2.2體裁分析

體裁分析是20 世紀(jì)90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)發(fā)展起來的一種分析方法。他們認(rèn)為任何體裁都是由一系列的語輪構(gòu)成，語步(move)和步驟( step)是語篇分析的出發(fā)點論文開題報告范文。Swales的層次動向法（move approach）常用在具體的體裁分析中，即根據(jù)不同的交際目的，對某一語篇按照意義與功能劃出層次，然后再根據(jù)層次來考察分析語言的表達(dá)形式。Swales 沒有對語步和步驟提出明確的定義,但Nwogu (1997)認(rèn)為語步是一個由一系列詞匯,主題意義和修辭特征所標(biāo)明的具有統(tǒng)一意義傾向的語篇片斷，步驟是實現(xiàn)語步的可供選擇的修辭策略，一個語步可以由一個或多個步驟來實現(xiàn)。例如畢業(yè)論文模板，Bhatia (1993:62)根據(jù)體裁“ 語步 (moves) 和步驟( steps)”分析理論，將推銷體裁概括成七個 “語步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (確立資格證明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容)：⑴offering the product orservice (介紹產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容的重要細(xì)節(jié)) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內(nèi)容的價值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激勵購買) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(請求回復(fù)) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (禮貌收尾)。在以上七個“語步” 中 ,第二語步 Introducing the offer 又是由三個步驟(step)組成的。

體裁分析模式為語篇研究提供了新的考察視角與方式。使用體裁和體裁分析理論對某個特定語篇進行分析，是對語篇宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析的有機結(jié)合，既注重語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)，也注重特定的體裁結(jié)構(gòu)在詞匯和語法層面的特定表現(xiàn)。

3.0體裁分析在英文促銷信中的應(yīng)用

3.1促銷信的體裁界定

促銷信是商務(wù)英語中常見的一種語篇，它是以書信的格式由促銷人員向顧客傳遞商品或服務(wù)的存在及其性能、特征等信息，幫助顧客認(rèn)識商品或服務(wù)所帶來的利益，從而達(dá)到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、采取購買行為的目的。因此它的本質(zhì)是銷售者和消費者之間的信息溝通，主要交際目的就是通過向消費者的宣傳、誘導(dǎo)和提示，促進消費者產(chǎn)生購買動機，影響消費者的購買行為，實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品由生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域向消費領(lǐng)域的轉(zhuǎn)移。這樣的交際目的決定收信人和寫信人通常為并不熟悉的雙方，因此語言上謙虛有禮、簡潔明晰是必不可少的。

3.2 促銷信的內(nèi)在宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)

一封成功的促銷信在內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七個 “語步”的模式 ,通過吸引客戶的注意、向客戶詳細(xì)介紹所推銷的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)并索求回復(fù)等語篇片斷來實現(xiàn)說服潛在客戶購買所推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的交際目的。下面我們從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手畢業(yè)論文模板，來具體討論促銷信的層次動向。。

Dear customer,

⑴Theunion bakers would like to announce a great offer this Valentine day. Every two kg cakeyou buy you get raffle ticket which allows you to enter into a draw which willgive you a chance to win a dinner for two at a three star hotel. You can have awonderful dinner with your loved one on the eve of Valentine’s Day.

⑵ Thebakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to the venue and you can enjoy thedinner along with the dance party at the three star hotels.

⑶Don’tyou think it will be fun to take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner ona valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all that fun you havewith your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrilling dance party.To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is the guest of honorthat day.

⑷Visitany of our outlets to get more information. Hurry and buy a wonderful tastycake for your loved one.

⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.

⑹Sincerely,

這封促銷信由五段組成，第一段的第一句是第一個語步: Establishing credentials (確立資格證明),通過提及在情人節(jié)要提供的一項服務(wù)來吸引顧客的注意力；第一段的第二句到第三段是第二個語步：Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容)。第二個語步由三個步驟組成：⑴offering the product or service (介紹產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介紹推銷內(nèi)容的重要細(xì)節(jié)) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內(nèi)容的價值) 。第一段的第二句是第一個步驟，主要介紹了即將推出的服務(wù)——每買兩公斤蛋糕就能抽簽，就有機會贏得在三星級賓館的兩人晚宴；第一段的第三句和第二段是第二個步驟，詳細(xì)介紹推銷服務(wù)的細(xì)節(jié)——情人節(jié)前夕在三星級賓館和摯愛共進晚餐、共舞；第三段是第三個步驟，主要指出推銷服務(wù)的精神價值——使情人節(jié)過得特別，并能遇到明星。第二個語步是促銷信最為重要的部分，決定能否幫助顧客認(rèn)識商品或服務(wù)所帶來的利益，從而達(dá)到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、最終采取購買行為的目的。第四段是第三、四個語步：Offering incentives (激勵購買)和Soliciting response(請求回復(fù))。第四段第一句是請求顧客做出回復(fù)——到銷售點尋求更多信息；第二句是鼓勵有購買傾向的顧客下定決心。第五段是第五個語步：Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略)，Sincerely和簽名是第六個語步：Ending politely (禮貌收尾)，作為傳統(tǒng)信件獨特的結(jié)尾方式，這一語步在促銷信中也很常見。

與Bhatia的七個語步模式略有不同的是：這封促銷信并沒有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步；而且Offeringincentives (激勵購 買)和Soliciting response(請求回復(fù))的順序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭繼榮(2006)認(rèn)為，在語篇構(gòu)建中常使用的語步是核心語步畢業(yè)論文模板，不太出現(xiàn)的輔語步是外圍語步，在促銷信中，第一、二、四語步是核心語步，由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步是外圍語步，銷售者可根據(jù)情況決定是否使用；至于語步順序，盡管促銷信是專門用途英語里的一種，有其慣例和制約性，但我們?nèi)钥稍隗w裁規(guī)定內(nèi)傳達(dá)個人意圖和交際目的論文開題報告范文。

3.3 促銷信的文化預(yù)設(shè)和搭配意義

這實際是一封是以西方文化為背景的抽獎促銷信。促銷信的最主要部分——第二語步也是以這個文化預(yù)設(shè)為先決條件的。銷售者想要促銷的商品是蛋糕，但在促銷信里，抽獎有可能贏得情人節(jié)的晚餐卻是描述的重點，這主要是商家抓住了顧客消費過程中的僥幸獲大利心理——以抽獎贏得與摯愛在情人節(jié)共進免費晚餐的機會，設(shè)置中獎機會，利用抽獎的形式畢業(yè)論文模板，來吸引消費者購買商品蛋糕。令人心動的抽獎活動成功地把顧客的注意力指向拉到了本應(yīng)大力宣傳的產(chǎn)品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解這個文化預(yù)設(shè)，就不容易達(dá)到促銷信的交際目的。

Leech（1981:17）認(rèn)為：搭配意義是指一個詞與另一個詞連用搭配時使得該詞的意義隨語境而發(fā)生的變化。因此促銷信在詞的搭配上非常注意。促銷信使用的形容詞大多是描述性和評價性的，多為褒義詞，例如：great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 這些形容詞為收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。盡管這是一封書信，但口語詞匯多余書面語詞匯，淺顯易懂、簡潔明晰。銷售者為了推銷商品或者服務(wù)，常常直接使用反問疑問句和祈使句，增強引導(dǎo)功能，說服或敦促收信人采取購買行動。

3.4 總結(jié)

體裁分析超越了對語篇語言特征的簡單描述,力求解釋語篇的理據(jù), 探討語篇結(jié)構(gòu)背后的社會文化因素和心理認(rèn)知因素, 揭示實現(xiàn)交際背景的特殊方式和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)范性。促銷信具是專門用途英語的一種，把促銷信這一體裁語篇看作是一個有規(guī)律的有結(jié)構(gòu)的層次動向的組合的思想, 有助于我們更好地理解這種信函體裁，寫出目的明確、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、用詞準(zhǔn)確的促銷信。

參考文獻：

1.Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions:Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly, 30/ 4 :693-722, 1996.

2.易興霞.體裁分析與農(nóng)業(yè)英語論文摘要[J]. 西安外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報，2006(9):28-31.

3.楊瑞英.體裁分析的應(yīng)用：應(yīng)用語言學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析[J]. 外語與外語教學(xué)，2006(10):29-34.

4.王宏俐,郭繼榮.體裁分析與商務(wù)促銷類語篇[J]. 外語教學(xué)，2006(7): 32-37.

5.Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English inAcademic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

6.Bhatia, V. K. Analyzing Genre: Language Usein Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman, 1993.

7.Nwogu, K. N. The Medical Research Paper: Structureand Function [J]. English for Specific Purposes, 199 16 (2): 119-138.

篇（4）

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2

1.4 The significance of the study 2

2. Literature Review 4

2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4

2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6

2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8

3. The methodology 10

3.1 The subjects 10

3.2 Instruments 10

3.3 Data collection 11

3.4 Data analysis 11

4. Results and discussion 16

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17

5. Conclusion 19

Acknowledgements 20

References 21

Appendices 23

 

1. Introduction

In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.

1.1 Background of this study

With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.

In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.

Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students

In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.

According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home

With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.

Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245

1.4 The significance of the study 

With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.

What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.

 

2. Literature Review

In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.

2.1 Definition of learning strategies

In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.

Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.

In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78

In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58

2.2 Classification of learning strategies

2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad

Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:

In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.

The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55

1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.

2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.

The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.

Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.

2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China

As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.

Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56

Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies

2.3.1 Nature of oral English

Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar.  Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.

The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85

2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad

With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:    

1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.

2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.

Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79

The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.

O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.

Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75

2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home

From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307

In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26

2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies

During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.

1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154

2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25

3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.

4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.

5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.

6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.

7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85

 

3. The methodology

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.

3.1 The subjects

3.1.1 Purpose

The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.

3.1.2 Participants

The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.

3.2 Instruments

The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.

3.3 Data collection

The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.

3.4 Data analysis

This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.

3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life

Category Online In real life

Overall strategies  2.50 4.02

Memory strategies 2.30 4.33

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12

Affective strategies 2.19 3.03

Social strategies 2.24 4.08

The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.

3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Category Mean Std. Deviation

Memory strategies 2.30 2.29

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18

Affective strategies 2.19 3.43

Social strategies 2.24 3.07

The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.

3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender

Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender

Category Male Female

Overall strategies  2.33 2.67

Memory strategies 2.28 2.32

Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61

Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57

Affective strategies 2.18 2.20

Social strategies 2.21 2.27

From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.

3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors

Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major

Category Science Arts

Overall strategies  2.36 2.64

Memory strategies 2.25 2.35

Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63

Compensation strategies  2.59  2.47

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33

Affective strategies 2.15 2.23

Social strategies 2.19 2.29

From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.

3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities

Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality

Category Extroverted Introverted

Overall strategies  2.50 2.42

Memory strategies 2.27 2.33

Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56

Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34

Affective strategies 2.19 2.17

Social strategies 2.26 2.21

From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.

3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels

Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning

 strategies by different self-rated proficiency level

Category High Medium Low

Overall strategies  2.53 1.61 0.89

Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12

Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98

Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83

Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67

Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83

In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.

 

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:

First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.

Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.

Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.

The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.

From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.

The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.

Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.

As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages

As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.

As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.

As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.

At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.

 

5. Conclusion

The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.

 Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.

As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.

It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.

Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.

All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

［1］Skehan, P. Individual Differences in Second Language Learning[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1991:105.

［2］Tav angarian D.& Leypold M.E., Noiting K., Roser M. & Voigt D. Is e-Learning the solution for individual Learning?[D]Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2004:245.

［3］Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:154.

［4］Weinstein, C & R. Mayer. The Teaching of Learning Strategies[M]. NewYork. Macmillan, 1986:74.

［5］Chamot, A. The Learning Strategies Handbook. NY[M]. Longman, 1987:96.

［6］Rubin, J. Language Learning Language Strategies: What every teacher should know[M]. Boston: Heinle & Heinele, 1990:156.

［7］Oxford, R. L. Variables Affecting Choices of Language Learning Strategies by University Students[M]. Modern Language Journal, 1989:24.

［8］Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:54.

［9］Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.

［10］Cohen, A.D. Weaver, S. & Li, T-Y. The Impact of Strategies-based Instruction on Speaking a Foreign Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998:78.

［11］Tarone, E. Some Thoughts on the Notion of “Communication Strategies” [J]. London: Longman, 1983:65-66.

［12］Stern, H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M]. Oxford University Press, 1983:57-58.

［13］Oxford & O’ Malley. A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: First Year Report[M]. Rosslyn, Va.: Interstate Research Associates, 1987:155.

［14］Oxford, R.L. Language learning strategies: What Every Teachers Should Know[M]. New York: Newbury House, 1990:54-55.

［15］Cohen, A. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000:124.

［16］陳曉堂，鄭敏.英語學(xué)習(xí)策略[M].北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002:56.

［17］文秋芳.英語學(xué)習(xí)成功之路[M].上海外語教育出版社,2003:54.

［18］Bygate, M. Speaking[M]. Oxford University Press, 1987:85.

［19］McDonugh, S.H. Strategies and Skill in Learning a Foreign Language[M]. London: Edward Amold, 1995:78-79.

［20］Ellis, Rod. Learning a Second Language Learning Through Interaction[M] Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999:65.

［21］Nunan, D. The Learner-Centered Curriculum: a Study in Second Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:45.

［22］Dornyei, Z. On the teachability of communication strategies. TESOL Quaterly[M].TESOL Quarterly, 1995:75.

［23］Huang, X. H. & M. Van Naersson. Learning Strategies for oral communication[J]. Applied Linguistic, 1987:287-307.

［24］陳思齊.英語專業(yè)大學(xué)生交際策略的使用研究[J].外語教學(xué),1990:24-26.

［25］Ehrman, M & Oxford. Effects of sex differences, career choice, and psychological type on adult language learning strategies[M]. Modern Language, 1989:154.

［26］Bialystock, E. The role of conscious strategies: A psychological Analysis of Second Language use[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981:25.

［27］陳善瓊.語言學(xué)習(xí)策略在中學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[D]. 四川師范大學(xué),2007:85.

 

Appendices

浙江科技學(xué)院非英語專業(yè)大學(xué)生網(wǎng)上英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查問卷

                           

一、個人簡況

姓名:              

性別:                 A 男            B女  

             

科別：                A 理工科        B文科 

你的性格特征：                 A內(nèi)向           B外向       

你認(rèn)為你目前的英語綜合水平：   A很差           B一般         C優(yōu)秀

二、網(wǎng)上英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查

（元認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）

1、我尋求好的網(wǎng)上口語練習(xí)的時間和地點。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

2、上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)時，我能把握上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)的時間和內(nèi)容。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

 

3、對于如何上網(wǎng)提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標(biāo)。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

4、我總在尋求更好的口語學(xué)習(xí)方法。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

5、我思考和評價自己的上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）

7、我瀏覽各種英文網(wǎng)站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等，聽和練習(xí)口語。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

9、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調(diào)及用詞。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

10、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會小聲跟著說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（記憶策略使用情況調(diào)查）

11、我反復(fù)觀看喜歡的歐美劇，以便加深印象。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關(guān)詞匯。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

13、在英文網(wǎng)站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

15、我把上網(wǎng)遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

16、我用金山詞霸等網(wǎng)上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。

 A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（補償策略使用情況調(diào)查）

17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當(dāng)不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復(fù)或放慢語速。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當(dāng)與別人交談時想不起某個詞 時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

20、當(dāng)不能表達(dá)自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（情感策略使用情況調(diào)查）

21、在網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎? 

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

22、為了把口語說好，我經(jīng)常自我鼓勵。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

24、上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)英語后，我的學(xué)習(xí)興趣提高了。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

25、我會與家人、同學(xué)、老師等探討口語學(xué)習(xí)的感受

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（社交策略使用情況調(diào)查）

26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

27、通過網(wǎng)上交流很容易在學(xué)習(xí)上和同學(xué)結(jié)成朋友。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達(dá)。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達(dá)上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

30、在口語表達(dá)時，我直接向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀约河龅嚼щy，向?qū)Ψ綄で髱椭?/p>

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

浙江科技學(xué)院非英語專業(yè)大學(xué)生非網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)下英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查問卷

（元認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）

1、我尋求好的網(wǎng)上口語練習(xí)的時間和地點。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

2、學(xué)習(xí)時，我能把握學(xué)習(xí)的時間和內(nèi)容。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

 

3、對于如何提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標(biāo)。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

4、我總在尋求更好的口語學(xué)習(xí)方法。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經(jīng)常    E總是

5、我思考和評價自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）

7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動，聽和練習(xí)口語。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

9、聽英語時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調(diào)及用詞。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

10、聽英語時，我會小聲跟著說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（記憶策略使用情況調(diào)查）

11、我反復(fù)朗讀喜歡的英語文章，以便加深印象。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關(guān)詞匯。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。

 A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（補償策略使用情況調(diào)查）

17、英語聊天時，我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

18、英語聊天時，當(dāng)不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復(fù)或放慢語速。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

19、英語聊天時， 當(dāng)與別人交談時想不起某個詞時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

20、當(dāng)不能表達(dá)自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（情感策略使用情況調(diào)查）

21、害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎? 

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

22、為了把口語說好，我經(jīng)常自我鼓勵。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

24、一番努力學(xué)習(xí)后，我的學(xué)習(xí)興趣提高了。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

25、我會與家人、同學(xué)、老師等探討口語學(xué)習(xí)的感受

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

（社交策略使用情況調(diào)查）

26、用英語聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

27、英語打開新的世界，結(jié)交更多的朋友。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達(dá)。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達(dá)上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

30、在口語表達(dá)時，我直接向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀约河龅嚼щy，向?qū)Ψ綄で髱椭?/p>

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經(jīng)常   E總是

謝謝您的合作!

 

誠 信 承 諾

我謹(jǐn)在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略研究》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔(dān)。

篇（5）

（1）認(rèn)識指導(dǎo)

盡管畢業(yè)論文寫作是本科教學(xué)計劃中的一個重要實踐環(huán)節(jié),但仍有部分學(xué)生對其重視不夠。許多同學(xué)不了解畢業(yè)論文寫作的性質(zhì)和意義,認(rèn)為其可由可無,此外,由于就業(yè)壓力增大,學(xué)生忙于求職,也忽略了論文的寫作。所以,教師在指導(dǎo)的過程中,應(yīng)首先端正學(xué)生對畢業(yè)論文寫作的認(rèn)識,使其能意識到畢業(yè)論文寫作的重要性,以積極的態(tài)度投入到畢業(yè)論文寫作中來。

（2）過程指導(dǎo)

畢業(yè)論文寫作是個系統(tǒng)工程,涉及寫前、寫中和寫后三個階段。在寫前準(zhǔn)備中,教師應(yīng)就材料的收集與整理以及文獻檢索的方法進行指導(dǎo);在寫中階段,應(yīng)就論文寫作的謀篇構(gòu)思、正文的常用結(jié)構(gòu)、引文的規(guī)范、參考文獻的格式等予以解釋說明;在寫后階段應(yīng)強調(diào)論文的修改和潤色,使文章更加銜接與連貫,以適應(yīng)本校的論文寫作規(guī)范。

（3）寫作方法指導(dǎo)

學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的選題可謂多種多樣,會包括諸如語言學(xué)類、文學(xué)類、教學(xué)法類、翻譯類和應(yīng)用類等選題.在集體指導(dǎo)的過程中,教師應(yīng)就不同類別畢業(yè)論文的寫作方法予以簡單介紹,使學(xué)生對所屬類別論文的寫作方法有初步認(rèn)識。

2、個別指導(dǎo)

個別指導(dǎo)主要是指導(dǎo)老師對自己所指導(dǎo)的學(xué)生一對一的、有重點的指導(dǎo)。如果說集體指導(dǎo)主要是宏觀指導(dǎo)的話,那么個別指導(dǎo)主要是微觀方面的指導(dǎo)。教師給予學(xué)生的,只能是方向、方法和寫作技巧上的指導(dǎo),而不是有關(guān)選題的全部資料、知識和論點⑥。個別指導(dǎo)也可以涉及集體指導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容,但更應(yīng)強調(diào)對學(xué)生論文框架、語言、格式和規(guī)范等方面的指導(dǎo)。

（1）選題指導(dǎo)

我們倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主選題,但并非自由選題,學(xué)生選題的過程中離不開教師的指導(dǎo)。選題是否合適決定了最后的論文是否能夠?qū)懞?因此,要加強學(xué)生選題時的主體意識,要求學(xué)生選擇自己感興趣而且有能力完成的題目,提倡“小題大做”,老師既要當(dāng)好參謀,又要尊重學(xué)生的選擇。

（2）資料選擇指導(dǎo)

資料是完成論文的基礎(chǔ)。指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)對學(xué)生搜集資料提供指導(dǎo)和幫助,應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的選題提出搜集材料的具體要求和方法。學(xué)生搜集的材料應(yīng)做到“全”和“新”,應(yīng)在占有資料的基礎(chǔ)上著手論文的寫作。只有掌握大量的資料,了解所選題目的研究現(xiàn)狀,才能深入分析,提出自己的觀點,做到有所創(chuàng)新。

（3）開題指導(dǎo)

開題報告中學(xué)生必須提出論文的基本框架,論文的層次和結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理取決于論文的架構(gòu)是否恰當(dāng)。在寫開題報告前,指導(dǎo)教師必須要求學(xué)生廣泛、深入地查閱與選題相關(guān)的資料。通過查閱資料,學(xué)生可以了解學(xué)術(shù)界對自己所要論證的問題都有哪些觀點,已經(jīng)得出了什么結(jié)論,自己從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么問題,對這些問題有什么看法等等。這樣做,一方面可以了解自己選題的背景,避免了重復(fù)勞動;另一方面,在占有材料的過程中,也能做到有所發(fā)現(xiàn),為創(chuàng)新提供了可能。指導(dǎo)教師要確認(rèn)論文結(jié)構(gòu)的合理性、論證方法的可行性、完成論文的可能性,在確定不存在任何問題的情況下,指導(dǎo)老師可以和學(xué)生進行討論,力求達(dá)到論文的結(jié)構(gòu)合理,論點突出,論據(jù)詳實,邏輯性強。

（4）初稿審查

學(xué)生在完成初稿后,指導(dǎo)教師要進行審查。在審查之前,教師必須清楚了解與選題相關(guān)的已有的研究,以便確認(rèn)學(xué)生是否有抄襲、重復(fù)的行為。如有,則要求學(xué)生重寫,絕不能姑息;若沒有,指導(dǎo)老師要認(rèn)真審查,大到觀點是否正確、論據(jù)是否充足,小到遣詞造句是否準(zhǔn)確、行文是否銜接與連貫。還要重點審查文章的規(guī)范性,包括格式、引文和參考文獻等。英語專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文在內(nèi)容上應(yīng)該包括封面、原創(chuàng)聲明及版權(quán)協(xié)議、致謝、英文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞、中文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞、目錄、正文和參考文獻。論文封面要寫明學(xué)校、中英文題目、作者、學(xué)院、專業(yè)、指導(dǎo)老師和完成日期.封面中論文題目中文在前、英文在后,要注意簡約精煉,字?jǐn)?shù)控制在20以內(nèi)。致謝（Acknowledgements）:致謝頁放在摘要前,應(yīng)用英文撰寫。主要內(nèi)容為感謝導(dǎo)師和在論文寫作中,對自己有過幫助的人士和單位,以示尊重他人的勞動。摘要（Abstract）:在英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文中,英文摘要在前,中文摘要在后。摘要的語言要精煉;摘要概括了研究的整體狀況,主要包含六個結(jié)構(gòu)要素:主題闡述（topicspecification）、背景信息（backgroundinformation）、目的陳述（purposestate-ment）、方法論和語料（methodologyanddata）、研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)（resultsorfindings）和研究所帶來的啟示或結(jié)論（implicationsorconclusions）⑦。關(guān)鍵詞（Keywords）:關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻索引便于從論文中選取出用以表示全文主題內(nèi)容的單詞或術(shù)語。每篇論文選取3-5個詞作為關(guān)鍵詞,按詞條的外延層次排列（外延大的排在前面）。關(guān)鍵詞另立一行排在摘要下面。目錄（Contents）:目錄按三級標(biāo)題編寫,要求標(biāo)題層次清晰.目錄中的標(biāo)題要與正文中標(biāo)題一致。目錄中應(yīng)包括致謝、英文摘要、中文摘要、前言、論文主體、結(jié)論、參考文獻等。論文正文（Body）:正文是畢業(yè)論文的主體和核心部分,—般應(yīng)包括前言、論文主體及結(jié)論等部分。論文正文部分字?jǐn)?shù)在4000-5000字。前言用中文書寫,應(yīng)說明本選題的意義、目的、研究范圍及要達(dá)到的要求;簡述本選題在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展概況及存在的問題;說明本選題的指導(dǎo)思想;闡述本選題應(yīng)解決的主要問題。論文主體是畢業(yè)論文的主要部分,應(yīng)該結(jié)構(gòu)合理,層次清楚,重點突出,文字簡練、通順.結(jié)論是畢業(yè)論文的總結(jié),是整篇論文的歸宿。要求精煉、準(zhǔn)確地闡述自己的創(chuàng)造性工作或新的見解及其意義和作用,還可進一步提出需要討論的問題和建議。在正文中,引用別人的觀點要注明出處。引用分直接引用和間接引用，直接引用的文字要加引號，引文采取夾注的方式,夾注內(nèi)容包括引文作者的姓和出版年份以及其它能幫助檢索引文出處的信息。這三項內(nèi)容可以根據(jù)行文需要或融入論文的句子中,或另列在括號里。參考文獻（References）:參考文獻為論文正文引用的文獻,是畢業(yè)論文不可缺少的組成部分,它反映畢業(yè)論文的取材來源、材料的廣博程度和材料的可靠程度。它不僅能反映一種治學(xué)態(tài)度,在一定程度上也表明作者的水平。從參考文獻中大致可看出作者研究的范圍、重點、方法、知識結(jié)構(gòu)、挖掘的深與淺以及論文的質(zhì)量。英語專業(yè)學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文中的英文參考文獻和中文參考文獻應(yīng)分別歸類排列,英文在前,中文在后.英文的參考文獻按作者姓名的英文字母順序排列;中文的按照作者姓名的拼音字母數(shù)序排列。在論文寫作中,確切表達(dá)自己的觀點與準(zhǔn)確引用別人的話是同等重要的。因此,一定要恪守學(xué)術(shù)論文的文體與格式規(guī)范.Slade⑧認(rèn)為,文體規(guī)范包括詞匯、語調(diào)、語氣、簡潔、時態(tài)、句型、排比、邏輯、連貫和無偏見的語言等方面;格式規(guī)范包括拼寫、縮寫、斜體、大寫規(guī)則、標(biāo)題、數(shù)字和符號等。學(xué)生在寫作的過程中應(yīng)予以注意和重視。關(guān)于引文和參考文獻的規(guī)范化問題反映了學(xué)生的寫作態(tài)度,也是論文評價的一個重要方面。指導(dǎo)老師在具體的指導(dǎo)過程中,要使學(xué)生明確和重視引文出處的標(biāo)注方式、文獻的排序、標(biāo)點符號、文獻標(biāo)識、大小寫、期刊頁碼表示等。為使學(xué)生少走彎路,在論文寫作之初就應(yīng)該加強這方面的教育。教師最好與學(xué)生面對面交流,指出需要修改的地方,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生對文章進行修改與潤色。在初稿審查后,還應(yīng)對二稿、三稿等進行再檢查。科學(xué)的指導(dǎo)可以幫助學(xué)生排除在論文寫作程中的模糊認(rèn)識、克服焦慮和浮躁的情緒,提高指導(dǎo)工作的效率,避免事倍功半,從而切實可行地一步一步地改進和完成論文。

（5）答辯指導(dǎo)

學(xué)生是否能通過答辯,論文的質(zhì)量將起到?jīng)Q定性的作用。當(dāng)然,這也與學(xué)生的心理素質(zhì)有很大的關(guān)系。心理素質(zhì)好的學(xué)生,臨場應(yīng)變能力和融會貫通能力都會強一些。在論文答辯階段,教師的指導(dǎo)作用也很重要。在答辯前,指導(dǎo)教師要幫助學(xué)生做好答辯前的準(zhǔn)備工作。教師可以就論文內(nèi)涵及外延等提出一些相關(guān)問題讓學(xué)生去思考,必要時可以幫助學(xué)生分析。要讓學(xué)生充分掌握論文的內(nèi)涵問題,了解論文的外延問題,同時還要注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的應(yīng)答能力。論文答辯實質(zhì)上也是檢驗和提高學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)的重要環(huán)節(jié),指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)給予重視。總之,論文寫作是個過程,教師的指導(dǎo)也蘊含于寫作過程之中,并與論文寫作相輔相成。當(dāng)然,教師的指導(dǎo)只是影響論文質(zhì)量的其中一個因素。

篇（6）

教育部辦公廳在2004年4月發(fā)出《關(guān)于加強普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作的通知》，通知中強調(diào)：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）旨在培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生探索真理，強化社會意識，提高綜合實踐能力，是衡量教學(xué)水平，學(xué)生畢業(yè)與學(xué)位資格認(rèn)證的重要依據(jù)。教育部在2009年的《普通高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)工作水平評估方案》中再次明確要求本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）“選題要緊密結(jié)合生產(chǎn)和社會實際，難度工作量適當(dāng)，體現(xiàn)專業(yè)綜合訓(xùn)練要求”。從2010年起至今北京城市學(xué)院國際語言文化學(xué)部英語（國際商務(wù)）專業(yè)進行了相關(guān)的改革研究與實踐。結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計管理與指導(dǎo)實踐，作者對積累的一些經(jīng)驗和存在的問題進行總結(jié)。

一、高校商務(wù)英語專業(yè)（方向）畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)狀

高校商務(wù)英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文選題學(xué)術(shù)氣氛濃厚、重復(fù)率高。多集中于“商務(wù)談判的技巧”、“商標(biāo)的翻譯策略”、“商務(wù)廣告的語言特色”等，與商務(wù)實踐密切相關(guān)的文章寥寥無幾。學(xué)生在選題上還是側(cè)重于文學(xué)和文化，沒有充分體現(xiàn)出商務(wù)英語的專業(yè)方向性。多數(shù)的商務(wù)英語專業(yè)學(xué)生寫作內(nèi)容脫離實際，沒有注重畢業(yè)論文的自身價值與實際意義。缺乏實證分析，不會運用所學(xué)的知識對實際問題進行研究，有的同學(xué)撰寫的內(nèi)容與將來所從事的商務(wù)活動毫無關(guān)系。大多數(shù)學(xué)生都是根據(jù)指導(dǎo)教師布置的論文題目獨自搜索文獻、分析整理資料、缺乏了團隊協(xié)作、限制了思想火花的碰撞。如果畢業(yè)設(shè)計能夠以團隊的形式來完成撰寫必將對學(xué)生的實踐能力、團隊協(xié)作能力、組織與溝通交流能力的提升起到非常大的幫助。

二、商務(wù)英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文改革探索與實踐

1.畢業(yè)論文改革的形式和內(nèi)容。

掌握商務(wù)文書的基本知識、寫作方法、寫作技能，能運用嫻熟、得心應(yīng)手地撰寫各類商務(wù)文書是衡量現(xiàn)代商務(wù)工作者的素質(zhì)、能力的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)我校英語專業(yè)國際商務(wù)方向?qū)W生實際情況和商務(wù)文書撰寫的難易程度，英語（國際商務(wù)）學(xué)生選擇商務(wù)報告中的調(diào)查報告（SurveyReport）開展畢業(yè)論文改革。調(diào)查報告具體要求：調(diào)查報告由2人共同完成，學(xué)生需進行社會調(diào)查、訪談或其他調(diào)研方式。要求調(diào)查報告的字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000字英文，其中含1000字中文概要，調(diào)查問卷樣卷和訪談提綱樣卷為中英文對照版。

2.行業(yè)人士進行調(diào)查報告撰寫的指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)。

為了幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握商務(wù)文書的撰寫規(guī)范，行文要求，專業(yè)安排了行業(yè)人士對調(diào)研報告的撰寫進行了指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)。調(diào)查報告撰寫的培訓(xùn)方案：調(diào)查報告撰寫指導(dǎo)分為三部分：第一部分對調(diào)查報告的定義、結(jié)構(gòu)、撰寫過程進行宏觀指導(dǎo)；第二部分主要講解調(diào)查報告的研究方法、資料的收集與研究、問卷和訪談內(nèi)容的設(shè)計；第三部分調(diào)查報告的選題和開題指導(dǎo)。

3.調(diào)查報告雙導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)的管理與監(jiān)控。

畢業(yè)論文“雙導(dǎo)師制”指導(dǎo)模式是依據(jù)北京城市學(xué)院辦學(xué)目標(biāo)和特色，結(jié)合商務(wù)英語專業(yè)學(xué)生特點，通過校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師與來自其他學(xué)院跨學(xué)科或者行業(yè)的合作導(dǎo)師“雙導(dǎo)師”聯(lián)合指導(dǎo)，重點實施理論學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)、調(diào)研環(huán)節(jié)、理論與實踐整合環(huán)節(jié)等雙導(dǎo)師式培養(yǎng)的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)模式。選題環(huán)節(jié)。畢業(yè)論文的選題是做好畢業(yè)論文工作的首要環(huán)節(jié)，指導(dǎo)教師嚴(yán)格把好選題關(guān)是保證畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的前提條件。校外合作導(dǎo)師提出若干個用人單位在實際工作操作中遇到的真實問題。畢業(yè)論文選題來自于實際工作過程中的問題，既體現(xiàn)了實際應(yīng)用價值，又能很好地鍛煉學(xué)生的實踐能力。理論學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)。為了讓學(xué)生有更充裕的時間進入第七學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)和第八學(xué)期工作崗位的實習(xí)，我們將理論環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)習(xí)提前到夏季小學(xué)期。由校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師和行業(yè)合作導(dǎo)師進行聯(lián)合講解。學(xué)生在雙導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，完成選題、開題報告準(zhǔn)備等環(huán)節(jié)。調(diào)研實踐環(huán)節(jié)。在夏季小學(xué)期結(jié)束后的暑期，學(xué)生要開展為期約4周的調(diào)研活動。在調(diào)研實習(xí)期間，由實習(xí)單位的校外指導(dǎo)教師，監(jiān)督和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的調(diào)研實習(xí)實踐活動，補充學(xué)生理論學(xué)習(xí)的缺陷，提高學(xué)生商務(wù)實操能力。在這一環(huán)節(jié)，校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師也需要及時與校外指導(dǎo)老師溝通，協(xié)助學(xué)生完成調(diào)研實踐環(huán)節(jié)。理論與實踐整合環(huán)節(jié)。學(xué)生在調(diào)研實踐活動后，即完成問卷發(fā)放和訪談活動，回到學(xué)校進行調(diào)研報告的撰寫。學(xué)生需要在這個環(huán)節(jié)聽取校內(nèi)英語指導(dǎo)教師和校外指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)建議，展開數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析，以及調(diào)研報告的撰寫。雙導(dǎo)師綜合評定給出畢業(yè)設(shè)計的成績。答辯環(huán)節(jié)。采用校內(nèi)老師和行業(yè)人士聯(lián)合組成答辯專家組，對調(diào)查報告中涉及的理論環(huán)節(jié)和實踐環(huán)節(jié)進行全面系統(tǒng)的提問，雙導(dǎo)師以及答辯專家組綜合評定后給出每組同學(xué)畢業(yè)論文成績。對于學(xué)生各項成績的評定，第一指導(dǎo)教師占總成績的60%，第二指導(dǎo)教師占40%。專業(yè)要求學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計完成情況嚴(yán)格進行前期、中期檢查與考核。如果因為教師指導(dǎo)不力，學(xué)生沒有圓滿完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計，將追究校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師的責(zé)任。對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計工作不認(rèn)真、投入不夠、完成質(zhì)量差而又達(dá)不到專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的學(xué)生，學(xué)部將根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求的有關(guān)規(guī)定嚴(yán)肅處理。畢業(yè)論文“雙導(dǎo)師制”指導(dǎo)模式強調(diào)了基礎(chǔ)理論知識和專業(yè)實踐知識的有機結(jié)合，彌補了高校英語教師缺乏商務(wù)實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗的弊病。“雙導(dǎo)師制”將顯著增強學(xué)生的專業(yè)能力和社會適應(yīng)能力，使得學(xué)生在進入企業(yè)后，能夠更快地適應(yīng)環(huán)境，從而直接進入工作狀態(tài)。學(xué)生通過這種模式的訓(xùn)練，鞏固發(fā)展了專業(yè)知識和技能，也為日后的就業(yè)打下扎實的基礎(chǔ)。

4.調(diào)查報告的評審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要適當(dāng)調(diào)整。

畢業(yè)論文評價體系是引導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文工作的杠桿和指揮棒。重點考察學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的原創(chuàng)性、實效性，即畢業(yè)論文必須是學(xué)生經(jīng)過努力研究真實做出來的，解決了實際工作中的某一個問題，比較真實地反映了學(xué)生的實際工作能力與水平。在評價程序上，整個撰寫過程采用雙導(dǎo)師（校內(nèi)英語教師與行業(yè)專家）綜合評定和指導(dǎo)，在評審的各個環(huán)節(jié)均采用英語教師和行業(yè)專家雙評審制度。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也相應(yīng)地區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)論文，例如在選題上要評定“選題是否具有較強的現(xiàn)實意義，符合實踐性、科學(xué)性、創(chuàng)新性要求”；調(diào)查問卷的設(shè)計上要評定“調(diào)查問卷的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容設(shè)計科學(xué)、合理，較為清楚地說明調(diào)查問卷的發(fā)放及回收情況”；數(shù)據(jù)綜合分析能力上要評定“能夠靈活運用多種形式的圖表對調(diào)查問卷所得結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)進行恰當(dāng)、科學(xué)、有效分析”；在調(diào)查報告整體質(zhì)量上要評定“研究結(jié)果摘要部分：論述清晰；正文部分：理論運用正確，數(shù)據(jù)分析科學(xué)、合理，論述充分，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，條理清晰；結(jié)論與建議部分：結(jié)論正確，具有創(chuàng)新性，實用性。調(diào)查報告結(jié)果具有一定的參考、應(yīng)用價值。全文專業(yè)術(shù)語使用準(zhǔn)確。符號統(tǒng)一，編號齊全，書寫規(guī)范，圖表完備、整潔、正確”；畢業(yè)論文的答辯和評審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都結(jié)合實際進行了適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整以保證評價的得體性和公平性。

三、政策建議

1.深化畢業(yè)論文以及配套商務(wù)英語教學(xué)改革。

商務(wù)英語專業(yè)應(yīng)該以畢業(yè)論文改革為契機，不斷深化商務(wù)英語教學(xué)改革，整合各種實踐教學(xué)資源，使教學(xué)理論、人才培養(yǎng)模式與人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)達(dá)成一致。在商務(wù)英語教學(xué)過程中，可以采取多種方式培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的商務(wù)實踐能力和創(chuàng)新能力，例如不斷加強校企合作力度；學(xué)校與企業(yè)和政府建立實踐教學(xué)合作關(guān)系；請行業(yè)專家到學(xué)校授課或開辦講座；提倡英語教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生到企業(yè)現(xiàn)場教學(xué)；鼓勵英語社團組織承接社會項目；等等。

2.加強實踐型教師隊伍建設(shè)。

學(xué)校要通過各種途徑增強教師實踐意識和實踐能力的培養(yǎng)，例如，鼓勵教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生參加社會課題研究、對專業(yè)教師進行實踐教學(xué)培訓(xùn)等，并且納入對教師的考核體系中；學(xué)校派青年教師到企事業(yè)單位、外企外貿(mào)公司掛職鍛煉，以此來增進教師對社會的了解，要求教師在授課的過程中滲透實踐內(nèi)容，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實踐能力和創(chuàng)新意識。學(xué)校也可以將具有創(chuàng)業(yè)經(jīng)歷和實踐經(jīng)驗的各類人員融入到教師隊伍里。通過上述措施，強化學(xué)校的實踐人才培養(yǎng)特色，加快相關(guān)教學(xué)方法的改進與教學(xué)條件的改善步伐。

3.畢業(yè)論文的體裁和形式多樣化。

畢業(yè)論文體裁可以多樣化，充分體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的實踐能力和專業(yè)特點，體裁不僅局限于傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)術(shù)論文，而且可以將其拓展為商務(wù)實用文書的撰寫和商務(wù)情景的模擬。前者包括標(biāo)書的撰寫、市場調(diào)查報告、廣告策劃、營銷方案等，后者包括商務(wù)談判、國際會展、商務(wù)洽談、產(chǎn)品推薦會情景模擬等。畢業(yè)論文的各種體裁和形式均采用團隊協(xié)作的模式，使學(xué)生能夠各盡所長、發(fā)揮集體的智慧。

參考文獻：

[2]教育部.教育部辦公廳關(guān)于加強普通高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）工作的通知（教高廳[2004]14號）[R].

[3]李志生.建筑工程招投標(biāo)實務(wù)與案例分析[M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2011.

[4]劉曉輝，魏俊玲.淺談經(jīng)濟全球化中商務(wù)英語人才的培養(yǎng)[J].中國商貿(mào)，2009，（15）.

篇（7）

英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文撰寫是高校本科教學(xué) 的最后一個重要階段，也是評價學(xué)生是否能夠順利 畢業(yè)的重要指標(biāo)之一。2000年頒布的《高等學(xué)校 英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱》強調(diào)了畢業(yè)論文的重要 性:“畢業(yè)論文是考察學(xué)生綜合能力、評估成績的 一個重要方式”[1]。同時，大綱還進一步明確了畢 業(yè)論文的要求。根據(jù)《大綱》，各個髙校也紛紛對 英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文撰寫制定了具體的要 求。[2]

 

然而，筆者在對本校英語專業(yè)學(xué)生論文管理過 程中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于論文學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測還有很多學(xué)生 甚至部分教師都不太清楚其目的及意義，對待學(xué)術(shù) 不端問題怠慢。許多高校都出現(xiàn)學(xué)生忽視學(xué)術(shù)不 端問題，仍然拼拼湊湊，復(fù)制他人成果的情況。[3]

 

因此筆者以本校2014屆205名英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生論 文學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測報告為研究對象，對學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文 復(fù)制比的特征進行分析，從而找到英語本科生在撰 寫論文過程中所存在的問題及原因。

 

一、論文復(fù)制比的主要比例分配

 

對于畢業(yè)論文復(fù)制比，每所高校的要求都略有 不同，對于本校的要求，所有的畢業(yè)論文經(jīng)學(xué)術(shù)不 端檢測，檢測結(jié)果雷同率或文字復(fù)制比率在30% (含30%)以內(nèi)的視為合格，超過30%的視為不合 格。超過30%的論文，必須經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格整改,否則取 消學(xué)生答辯資格。由此可見,高校對學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)不端 的行為都有著嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度。筆者通過對205 名學(xué)生論文的學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測報告進行分析,得出以 下主要比例分配：

 

由表一可以看出，在205名學(xué)生中，95%的學(xué) 生基本上都可以按照要求通過學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測，而且 有73%的學(xué)生復(fù)制比都在10%以內(nèi)，只有少部分 學(xué)生(5% )未能通過檢測，但其中有一名學(xué)生論文 復(fù)制比居然達(dá)到96%。因此，雖然說大部分都可以達(dá)到要求，但就未通過的學(xué)生而言，出現(xiàn)的 問題也不容忽視。

 

二、論文復(fù)制比的主要特征

 

就學(xué)生論文復(fù)制比的主要特征而言，筆者根據(jù) 本校的畢業(yè)論文學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測要求，以復(fù)制比小于30% (含30% )和大于30%為基本兩個組,分別分 析兩組中學(xué)生論文復(fù)制比的主要特征。

 

(一) 復(fù)制比小于30% (含30% )

 

1. 正文外內(nèi)容。從論文基本結(jié)構(gòu)上看,除正文 部分以外，還包括標(biāo)題、目錄、參考文獻、致謝以及 附錄部分。就正文外的內(nèi)容而言，通過分析，筆者 發(fā)現(xiàn)65%的學(xué)生抄襲現(xiàn)象主要集中在致謝部分， 甚至個別學(xué)生還存在致謝部分全部抄襲的情況。 另外，少部分學(xué)生對論文的目錄以及附錄部分也存 在雷同的情況，但通過論文分析，此部分并不是所 謂的抄襲，尤其是附錄部分，因為學(xué)生會把引用別 人的問卷附在文后，但已標(biāo)明出處。

 

2. 正文部分。通過分析,84%的學(xué)生論文正 文的復(fù)制處主要集中在文獻綜述以及總結(jié)部分。 對于文獻綜述部分，尤其是對定義解釋以及研究回 顧部分的復(fù)制抄襲比例非常高，就這部分字?jǐn)?shù)而 言，基本上都在600字以上。而且從該部分具體內(nèi) 容上看，大部分學(xué)生由于對理論概念的不理解，因 此無法用自己的語言進行轉(zhuǎn)述或者總結(jié)，只能完全 重復(fù)別人的文字。另外，綜述部分更是重復(fù)別人觀 點，但只述不評。從總結(jié)部分來看，學(xué)生的總結(jié)并 不是對自己研究結(jié)果的概括和提煉，反而是直接借 用他人的總結(jié)性話語，因而存在大量重復(fù)抄襲的 情況。

 

3. 復(fù)制來源。100%的學(xué)生復(fù)制的來源主要 是本科生或者研究生論文以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源，尤其是百 度文庫中的資料。雖然有少部分的學(xué)生復(fù)制出處 來源于期刊文章，但大多以中文為主。

 

(二) 復(fù)制比大于30%

 

1. 文獻引用。從論文總體上來看，對重復(fù)抄 襲的部分學(xué)生幾乎都沒有給出相關(guān)引證文獻。除 此之外，11個學(xué)生的參考文獻部分都存在大量的 復(fù)制抄襲。

 

2. 正文部分。除了上述所提及的部分以外， 11個學(xué)生的論文在introduction部分同樣存在復(fù)制 抄襲。從報告單中還看出，這部分學(xué)生對 參考文獻和研究方法部分也存在嚴(yán)重的抄襲。

 

3. 復(fù)制來源。與上述相同，11個學(xué)生的重復(fù) 抄襲部分都來源于論文或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料。

 

三、原因分析

 

通過對英語專業(yè)學(xué)生論文學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測報告 進行分析，不難看出，即使大部分學(xué)生都順利通過

 

了檢測，有的學(xué)生的復(fù)制率甚至為0,但通過對其 復(fù)制比特征的分析以及對學(xué)生的訪談?wù){(diào)查，筆者發(fā) 現(xiàn)其中存在多方面的原因。

 

(一) 學(xué)生寫作能力欠佳

 

在聽說讀寫譯的技能中，“寫”屬于輸出技能， 也是較難的一個技能。通過對學(xué)生論文進行分析， 筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，從總體上來看，學(xué)生對英語基礎(chǔ)知識的 掌握仍不牢固，論文中出現(xiàn)了大量的語法錯誤，嚴(yán) 重制約了他們的語言表達(dá)能力。

 

(二) 學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)水平較低

 

眾所周知,學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作無論是在整體結(jié)構(gòu)上 還是在語言使用上都與普通作文有所不同。盡管 許多高校都開設(shè)有學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作課，但許多學(xué)生對 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作概念十分模糊，仍然不清楚應(yīng)該做什 么，應(yīng)該怎樣做。尤其是復(fù)制比超過30%的學(xué)生 甚至在總體介紹及參考文獻部分進行復(fù)制抄襲，可 見其并未真正理解什么是論文寫作，就連論文中的 參考文獻部分基本結(jié)構(gòu)都不清楚。

 

(三) 學(xué)生信息技術(shù)能力不高

 

通過對學(xué)生復(fù)制來源分析，大部分的資料來源 于研究生的畢業(yè)論文以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料。另外，學(xué)生在 文獻綜述部分，大部分的文獻都來自中文文獻，而 且通過訪談，許多學(xué)生都反映找不到英文文獻。總 所周知，文獻搜索技能在學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作中是必不可 少的，不僅需要找到相關(guān)文獻，更是需要對這些文 獻進行綜合評述。但通過調(diào)查，許多學(xué)生所使用的 搜索方式集中于中國知網(wǎng)以及百度兩種，這也導(dǎo)致 了他們收集的資料較為單一。

 

(四) 指導(dǎo)教師對學(xué)生的論文寫作指導(dǎo)不夠

 

許多學(xué)生的論文在提交檢測時仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)不少 的問題，如論文整體結(jié)構(gòu)以及語法方面存在許多的 問題。甚至有學(xué)生的論文復(fù)制比達(dá)到96%。由此 可以看出，除了學(xué)生本身存在的問題以外，指導(dǎo)教 師對學(xué)生的指導(dǎo)也存在疏忽，沒有發(fā)揮真正意義上 的指導(dǎo)以及監(jiān)督的作用。

 

四、總結(jié)

 

通過對學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測報告單以及學(xué)生的訪談 分析，不難看出，英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文撰寫存 在許多的問題。學(xué)生的論文復(fù)制比高與其學(xué)術(shù)論 文寫作能力以及資料搜索、整理等多方面的能力都 有關(guān)系。另外，指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)監(jiān)督力度不夠也造 成了學(xué)生對論文寫作不重視，態(tài)度不端正的情況。對此問題的解決，不僅需要相關(guān)任課教師，論文指 導(dǎo)教師以及學(xué)生的共同努力,更需要學(xué)校建立健全 相關(guān)制度來加大監(jiān)管力度。

 

篇（8）

英語畢業(yè)論文的格式 還有提綱的格式

similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, . And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是詩人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）為序號排列，直至最后一個例子；而①, ②則為腳注或尾注的上標(biāo)序號)3. The differences between English idioms a．英語畢業(yè)論文提綱格式英語畢業(yè)論文開題報告提綱怎么寫英語畢業(yè)論文的提綱，幫忙~急。小學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語興趣 畢業(yè)論文提綱英語畢業(yè)論文提綱我是英語專業(yè)的 要寫畢業(yè)論文了 請幫忙提供下論文的格式 比如分幾部分什么的

《體育科學(xué)》雜志的論文格式是怎么樣的？

篇（9）

中圖分類號：G642.0 文獻標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號：1674-9324（2013）22-0196-03

長期以來英語教學(xué)的目標(biāo)和方法一直是我國大學(xué)英語，尤其是專業(yè)英語教學(xué)所探討的一個問題。多年以來的應(yīng)試教育已經(jīng)給受教育者留下了難以學(xué)以致用的問題。不少人拿到四、六級證書依然不能跟外國人交流，不能用英文寫作，成了一個語言的拿證者卻無法動筆動嘴的“人才”（林莉蘭，2006）！已有一些從事英語教學(xué)與教育的工作者專門討論過這方面的問題（田強等，2006；王曉軍，2005；張翼翼，2006；賈國棟，2006；周爽等2006）。本文根據(jù)我院這幾年來在專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課雙語教學(xué)的教學(xué)實踐，尤其是讓工科本科生用英語進行畢業(yè)論文寫作和進行論文答辯的實踐教學(xué)嘗試，從英語教學(xué)延伸和應(yīng)用的實效性角度探討了如何檢驗大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的效果，如何確定英語教學(xué)目標(biāo)，以及實現(xiàn)這種目標(biāo)的方法。我們中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）能源學(xué)院一直在專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)的手段和實效性方面進行著探討。2004年我院獲得了學(xué)校在“工科教學(xué)基地”項目上的資助。為配合國家在石油領(lǐng)域“走出去”的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、培養(yǎng)具有英語實用水平的工科本科畢業(yè)生也成了我院教學(xué)工作的一個重要任務(wù)和目標(biāo)。我們利用我院大部分教師都有在國外留學(xué)、進修和培訓(xùn)方面的經(jīng)歷這個優(yōu)勢，積極開展了密切結(jié)合專業(yè)的專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)的教學(xué)實踐。我們鼓勵用先進的教學(xué)理念進行大膽實踐，積累教學(xué)經(jīng)驗。在2006屆部分工科畢業(yè)生中讓部分同學(xué)用英語進行論文寫作和答辯，通過導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)，試圖將其作為專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)在專業(yè)實踐方面的延伸。這樣做，一方面是希望通過用英語進行論文的撰寫和答辯提高同學(xué)們英文應(yīng)用水平，另一方面也為同學(xué)們畢業(yè)后進入企業(yè)或科研崗位、甚至走出國門打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。在這次試點中我們在我院資源勘查工程和石油工程兩個專業(yè)選取了幾名優(yōu)秀學(xué)生，從畢業(yè)論文寫作到答辯全程采用英語。這對學(xué)生提出了比較高的要求，要求學(xué)生比較熟練或基本掌握專業(yè)英語的語法、專業(yè)詞匯、寫作技巧和寫作規(guī)范等多方面的知識。當(dāng)然，表達(dá)能力也能在答辯的過程中得到充實和提高，對話能力在提問過程中也能實踐、發(fā)揮和檢驗。從論文寫作和答辯的結(jié)果來看，這次嘗試是成功的。這幾名同學(xué)論文的寫作用詞和語法正確，論文宣讀及回答問題都比較清晰流利。同學(xué)們和指導(dǎo)教師都從中受到了鼓舞，說明我院的專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)取得了明顯的成效。歸納起來，這幾年來我們在專業(yè)英語和雙語教學(xué)實踐中做法、嘗試以及同學(xué)們的反饋包括以下幾個方面。

一、專業(yè)英語和雙語課教材

在我院的專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課“雙語教學(xué)”實踐中，學(xué)院要求在國際通用性的專業(yè)課方面應(yīng)盡量使用外文原版教材，采取多種方式使用外文教材。如專業(yè)英語課在教材選用上的做法是從國外的原版教科書上找到適合同學(xué)英文能力的相關(guān)文章進行講授；環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)和現(xiàn)代試井分析雙語課使用了原版的英文教材。

二、授課方法

專業(yè)英語授課過程中不是滿堂灌，而是讓同學(xué)自己閱讀翻譯和講解，一方面可以檢測同學(xué)是否預(yù)習(xí)，另一方面發(fā)現(xiàn)同學(xué)們在哪些方面存在理解有誤的地方，再有重點、有針對性地進行講解。這種方法效果較好，既激發(fā)了同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的興趣，同時也在實踐中提升和改進了我們的專業(yè)英語教學(xué)法。在環(huán)境地質(zhì)學(xué)和油藏工程這兩門課雙語教學(xué)中，老師以中文和英文交叉、結(jié)合進行綜合講解，讓所有同學(xué)參與到教學(xué)中來。讓同學(xué)們上臺用英語講解自己的觀點和見解，大家對一些有爭議的問題共同用英語討論，共同學(xué)習(xí)。在實踐過程中幫助同學(xué)們克服了在眾人面前講英語的恐懼心理。在交流溝通過程中英語聽說能力得到了提高。這種教學(xué)過程是實踐“課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)以學(xué)生為中心”的教學(xué)理念的有效形式。

三、雙語課在提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語興趣和水平中的作用

有的同學(xué)說，起初對雙語教學(xué)就有幾分好奇，而在剛接觸到雙語教學(xué)課程時，沒想到卻有些不適應(yīng)，在經(jīng)過一段時間的學(xué)習(xí)之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)雙語教學(xué)比一般的外語教學(xué)更能激發(fā)興趣，至少與普通外語教學(xué)相比是這樣的。雙語教學(xué)在我院還正在全面展開，可以說現(xiàn)階段還是處在嘗試階段，但我們確實能體會到它的可行性、有效性和必要性。有的同學(xué)還說，大學(xué)四年的學(xué)業(yè)已結(jié)束，總感覺以前的外語課還沒能使我們的聽說讀寫能力加強多少，反倒是在接受過雙語教學(xué)之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的外語水平有很大提高，課堂上的師生互動使我們敢于用英語和他人進行交流。

四、用英文進行畢業(yè)論文寫作的作用

用英文進行畢業(yè)論文寫作能讓學(xué)生更多的掌握英語的實用知識，可以提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性。與普通的英語學(xué)習(xí)不同，畢業(yè)設(shè)計關(guān)乎學(xué)生的學(xué)士學(xué)位，學(xué)生對它的重視程度會大大提高，特別是專業(yè)英語知識。用英文進行畢業(yè)論文寫作涉及到英語知識的方方面面，從單詞的詞義到句法的運用，再到成篇構(gòu)思甚至語言的概括表達(dá)。寫作的過程就是英語知識的再現(xiàn)和學(xué)習(xí)效果的過程，也就是提高英語水平的實踐過程。同學(xué)們說在畢業(yè)論文的外國文獻翻譯過程中，深刻地感受到了專業(yè)英語的重要性。盡管我國的科技水平提高得很快，但是在石油工程領(lǐng)域，我國的科技水平仍與國外的先進水平有一定的差距，所以，客觀上要求同學(xué)們現(xiàn)在和以后不得不有直接閱讀外文專業(yè)文獻的能力，從國外先進的技術(shù)中找到我們需要的知識，為我們的國家服務(wù)。

五、用英語進行畢業(yè)論文答辯的作用

答辯材料的準(zhǔn)備和臺上的演講，這些都需要較高的口語能力，經(jīng)歷了這次答辯，不僅提高了口語的表達(dá)能力，最重要的是同學(xué)們有了勇氣去說出英語，這是最大的收獲，也是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)語言的最終目的――交流。用英語進行答辯的目標(biāo)和過程對于提高學(xué)生交際能力和綜合應(yīng)用語言能力有重要意義。

六、專業(yè)英語與就業(yè)的關(guān)系

隨著我國改革開放程度的不斷加深，以及中國加入了世界貿(mào)易組織，大量的國外企業(yè)涌入中國投資，設(shè)立公司，而英語是國際公認(rèn)的通用語言，因此需要大量雙語人才。同學(xué)們已注意到在這一屆的畢業(yè)生找工作的時間段內(nèi)，越來越多的外國或外資企業(yè)也來到我們學(xué)校召開宣講會，希望可以招聘到合適的有能力的畢業(yè)生加入他們的公司。招聘的第一道門檻就是英語能力，這恰恰是我們過去的軟肋。還有石油領(lǐng)域的國有企業(yè)進軍海外的石油開發(fā)項目越來越多，同樣需要大量懂英語的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生。同學(xué)們說“既然這方面的缺口這么大，我們更應(yīng)該提高我們的英語能力，這既是對市場需求的響應(yīng)，同時使我們以后的就業(yè)前景更光明更廣闊”。我們認(rèn)為大學(xué)英語教學(xué)目標(biāo)，不是過四、六級英語考試，而是“可以用英文進行畢業(yè)論文寫作和答辯”。這個目標(biāo)里面自然包含了“聽、說”能力，并且體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用英語的能力。專業(yè)英語和專業(yè)課雙語教學(xué)是實現(xiàn)這個教學(xué)目的的有效手段。實踐中可對低年級同學(xué)較早提出這個目標(biāo)來引起他們在思想上的重視，從而通過綜合效應(yīng)實現(xiàn)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)水平的提高。當(dāng)然，目前還只是少數(shù)同學(xué)具備這樣培養(yǎng)的條件。

鳴謝：本文在成文過程中得到了我校長宣教授的指點和幫助，深表謝意。

參考文獻：

[1]林莉蘭.大學(xué)英語口語教學(xué)芻議[J].中國高等教育，2006，（5）.

[2]田強，李潔紅，李小紅.略論英語教育與幾種基本教育概念的關(guān)系[J].科教論壇，2006，（1）.

[3]田強.關(guān)于我國英語教育的“應(yīng)試教育”模式的反思[J].科教論壇，2006，（1）.

[4]王曉軍.貫徹“大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求”提高英語教學(xué)質(zhì)量[J].中國地質(zhì)教育，2005，（1）.

篇（10）

中文題目

分析《看不見的人》中主人公的成長三部曲

英文題目

AnAnalysisoftheTrilogyofProtagonist’sGrowthinInvisibleMan

開題報告內(nèi)容

1.選題背景（含國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究綜述及評價）與意義。

對于成長和成長類型的小說，國外學(xué)者的理論研究層出不窮，如《麥田里的守望者》，《棕色的姑娘，棕色的磚房》等這些成長小說都有專門對它們的成長研究的相關(guān)文章。相比之下，我國以前的文學(xué)研究則有意無意忽視了成長小說，但近年來評論界對成長小說的重視有所加強。如我國就有芮渝萍的《美國成長小說研究》，專門對美國的成長小說做了系統(tǒng)全面的研究；還有周海燕的《論〈看不見的人〉的布魯斯象征》對小說中布魯斯的象征做了研究。

國外學(xué)者對《看不見的人》這部小說的主人公成長的研究還未專門涉及，國內(nèi)學(xué)者對《看不見的人》的研究主要側(cè)重于他的民族身份以及主人公的個性覺醒方面，例如唐曉鐘的《文化沖突中尋求真正的存在－拉爾夫·埃里森〈看不見的人〉創(chuàng)作簡論》也對《看不見的人》的找尋自我及存在方面提出了自己的觀點和見解。但是關(guān)于這部小說的主人公的成長的研究卻很少專門涉及。

論文具有一定的新穎性、學(xué)術(shù)性、現(xiàn)實性、前沿性、針對性，學(xué)術(shù)界越來越重視研究成長類型小說的成長過程，也希望能對《看不見的人》中主人公的成長過程提出自己的見解和觀點，豐富對這一小說的研究。論文與社會、生活相結(jié)合，在研究小說主人公的成長過程方面與人們生活息息相關(guān)，有利于人們更好地體會生活，體驗社會。

2.選題研究的方法與主要內(nèi)容。

1、在收集資料，閱讀相關(guān)文獻的基礎(chǔ)上，與指導(dǎo)教師討論，共同確定選題，列出論文提綱，并擬采用比較法，分析法，推導(dǎo)論述法等方法進行論文撰寫。

2、該論文主要從三個部分來研究《看不見的人》中主人公從迷惑，成長到頓悟的過程，通過分析綜合總結(jié)的研究方法，試圖從分析主人公認(rèn)識到他自己以及所有黑人在白人社會中的不可見性以及黑人青年在白人社會中成長的艱辛方面，就揭示主人公從無知到成熟的成長過程的論題進行深入的探討，皆在實現(xiàn)提出自己對《看不見的人》中主人公的成長過程的見解和觀點，豐富國內(nèi)外對成長類型小說研究的目的。

3.研究條件及可能存在的問題。

通過專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)，具備基本英語語言技能和專業(yè)知識，擁有所選課題需要的部分資料和相關(guān)理論書籍，校圖書館和網(wǎng)絡(luò)有豐富的資料可查詢。同時，有導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)和幫助，能夠順利完成論文寫作。

對于論文，可能存在的問題有相關(guān)文獻和著作收集不足；理論理解、分析不夠深刻、透徹；理論研究較為膚淺；理論聯(lián)系實際不夠；缺乏充分、全面的實踐證明等問題。但論文盡量減少類似問題發(fā)生，盡量完善各方面。

參考文獻：

Ellison，Ralph.InvisibleMan.Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress，2000.

Philips，Elizabeth.RalphEllison’sInvisibleMan.Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress，1997.

Pizer，Donald.TheCambridgecompaniontoAmericanRealismandNaturalism.Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，1997.

芮渝萍.美國成長小說研究.北京：中國社會出版社，2004.

拉爾夫·艾里森.看不見的人.任邵曾譯，北京：外國文學(xué)出版社，1984.

唐曉鐘.文化沖突中尋求真正的存在－拉爾夫·埃里森《看不見的人》創(chuàng)作簡論.南京師范大學(xué)報，1990，1：107-111.

周海燕.論《看不見的人》的布魯斯象征.浙江萬里學(xué)報，2006，4：13-16.

4.擬解決的主要問題和預(yù)期效果。

論文主要試圖研究《看不見的人》中主人公的成長過程，通過比較分析，歸納分析，推導(dǎo)論述的方法，從主人公迷惑、成長到頓悟過程的三個方面，分析黑人青年在白人社會中的不可見和黑人青年成長的艱辛的過程，從而探究在當(dāng)時社會黑人處境的艱難和內(nèi)心的蛻化，最終按照學(xué)士學(xué)位畢業(yè)論文的要求，完成3000到5000詞左右的論文，并順利通過答辯。

計劃起止時間完成主要任務(wù)

2010年10月13日——2010年10月20日論文準(zhǔn)備工作

2010年10月30日——2010年11月30日論文選題和收集資料

2010年12月1日——2010年12月20日開題報告、任務(wù)書和論文提綱填寫

2011年1月1日——2011年3月15日完成論文初稿

2011年3月20日——2011年4月26日修改論文并定稿

2011年5月下旬——2011年6月論文答辯及其他工作

指導(dǎo)教師審核意見

論文主要研究《看不見的人》中主人公的成長過程，學(xué)生在寫作過程中應(yīng)認(rèn)真查閱相關(guān)資料，運用綜合分析等方式深入探討主人公成長過程三部曲，并提出黑人在白人社會中的不可見性以及黑人青年在白人社會中成長的艱辛。該論文寫作應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照進度計劃進行，論文格式應(yīng)該完全符合論文寫作規(guī)范，并在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成論文、順利通過答辯。

指導(dǎo)教師簽名：

年月日

本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)書

中文題目

分析《看不見的人》中主人公的成長三部曲

英文題目

AnAnalysisoftheTrilogyofProtagonist’sGrowthinInvisibleMan

題目來源

教師科研項目教師指定√學(xué)生自擬其他

基本任務(wù)

與要求

論文主題是分析《看不見的人》中主人公的成長三部曲，研究方向是英美文學(xué)方向。通過比較分析，歸納分析，推導(dǎo)論述的方法，從主人公迷惑、成長到頓悟過程的三個方面，結(jié)合社會背景，分析黑人青年在白人社會中的不可見和黑人青年成長的艱辛的過程，從而探究在當(dāng)時社會黑人處境的艱難和內(nèi)心的蛻化。嚴(yán)格規(guī)范論文格式，嚴(yán)禁抄襲。

擬解決主要問題及預(yù)期成果

論文從主人公的成長著手，研究主人公從迷惑、成長到頓悟的三個成長過程，分析主人公認(rèn)識到他自己以及所有黑人在白人社會中的不可見性以及黑人青年在白人社會中成長的艱辛，揭示當(dāng)時社會黑人處境的艱難和內(nèi)心的蛻化。

寫論文過程中可能出現(xiàn)的問題有：參考資料不足，理論研究較為膚淺，論文容易出現(xiàn)分析不夠的現(xiàn)象。

在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成字?jǐn)?shù)在3000到5000字以內(nèi)的關(guān)于分析《看不見的人》中主人公的成長三部曲的論文。

階段性主要工作的起止時間

1.準(zhǔn)備工作2010.10.13起6.論文撰寫2011.1月起

2.選題2010.10.30-11.157.完成初稿2011.3.15

3.資料收集2010.11.16-11.308.修改、定稿2011.4.26

4.開題報告2010.12.1-12.159.答辯2011.5月下旬

5.論文大綱2010.12.16-12.2010.其他工作2011.6月

學(xué)生完成論文最終時間：2011年4月26日

學(xué)生接受任務(wù)時間：2010年11月16日學(xué)生簽名：

指導(dǎo)教師簽名：