時間:2023-03-24 15:06:26
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1)主觀積極性。作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的主體,學(xué)生的態(tài)度積極與否直接影響了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量,然后近年來普遍存在著學(xué)生重視程度不夠的問題。很多學(xué)生對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的目的和要求缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識,不少學(xué)生把畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)僅僅作為一門功課來看待,甚至認(rèn)為其它功課已經(jīng)通過,自然畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)肯定也會順利通關(guān),這種典型的應(yīng)試式思維導(dǎo)致思想上的不重視。隨著大規(guī)模的擴(kuò)招,就業(yè)越來越難,學(xué)生要找忙于工作,投入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)上的精力大大減少。在歷年的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中也存在著前期文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研與設(shè)計(jì)工作不努力,等到答辯前期突擊的現(xiàn)象。
2)基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是大學(xué)教學(xué)過程的最后階段采用的一種總結(jié)性的實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)行所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)理論、專業(yè)知識和基本技能,分析與解決實(shí)際問題的能力,使學(xué)生獲得從事實(shí)際工作所必須的基本訓(xùn)練和進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究工作的初步能力。因此,學(xué)生對基礎(chǔ)理論和專業(yè)課程的掌握水平直接影響畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作的開展。例如,我系部分學(xué)生由于平時對基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)課程的學(xué)習(xí)不夠重視,看不懂專業(yè)的參考文獻(xiàn),系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)不出來,經(jīng)過指導(dǎo)老師耐心指導(dǎo),仍有些同學(xué)一竅不通。涉及仿真,有一部分同學(xué),連Matlab工具軟件都還要現(xiàn)學(xué)。這些現(xiàn)象都體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)不夠扎實(shí),嚴(yán)重制約畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)水平。
1.2教師因素
1)主觀積極性。教師方面,由于不僅要承擔(dān)繁重的教學(xué)任務(wù),還需開展科研工作,帶學(xué)生做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)只是眾多工作中的一項(xiàng),用于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)工作的時間和精力不足。我系教師教學(xué)任務(wù)尤其多,在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開展期間,多數(shù)教師還承擔(dān)了課題教學(xué),課程設(shè)計(jì)探索提高熱工自動化專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)質(zhì)量謝七月(長沙理工大學(xué)能源與動力工程學(xué)院)等教學(xué)工作。這幾年績效改革不鼓勵超工作量,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作又持續(xù)周期長,學(xué)生知識結(jié)構(gòu)又層次不齊,因而有些教師對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)態(tài)度不是很積極,指導(dǎo)效果明顯受影響。
2)指導(dǎo)老師隊(duì)伍本身的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)。熱工自動化專業(yè)方向比較細(xì),開設(shè)熱工自動化專業(yè)的高校很有限,我系極少教師本科專業(yè)是熱工自動化的。由于教師資源相對緊張,即使缺乏系統(tǒng)的工程化培訓(xùn)與實(shí)踐的新進(jìn)教師也承擔(dān)了指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)任務(wù)。甚至有的教師雖然沒有能力指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),但為了完成學(xué)校規(guī)定的教學(xué)任務(wù),也只好勉強(qiáng)上陣,這也在一定程度上導(dǎo)致了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的下滑。而且現(xiàn)有的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師隊(duì)伍單一,不能很好的因材施教。
1.3客觀因素
1)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)時間過短,很大程度上影響了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)一般安排在大學(xué)最后一個學(xué)期,我校還在該學(xué)期安排畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),部分同學(xué)還要忙于找工作、考研等各類事情,用于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的時間有限,滿打滿算僅僅14周,也就三個多月。而要在三個月內(nèi)完成文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研、文獻(xiàn)翻譯、開題、設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)、論文寫作、答辯等一系列工作,很難保證還能有充足的時間對畢業(yè)課題做深入的研究。據(jù)我系歷年數(shù)據(jù),不能完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求的全部內(nèi)容的學(xué)生多達(dá)40%,而能在短短三個多月內(nèi)做出較好結(jié)果的學(xué)生不足10%,這類學(xué)生往往是提前參加了相關(guān)課題或是有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),而基本完成任務(wù)書內(nèi)容的學(xué)生將近50%。
2)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的考核方式單一,難以激勵學(xué)生很好地完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)。目前畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的考核主要以答辯為主,盡管在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程已經(jīng)按前期檢查、中期檢查、畢業(yè)答辯三個階段分別開展了檢查考核,而且也制定了各階段的階段性指標(biāo),但指標(biāo)不夠具體,考核過程有時候流于形式,并沒有嚴(yán)格考核。即便將考核模式向以實(shí)物、圖紙、程序、科技論文、專利、競賽結(jié)果為主的綜合考核模式轉(zhuǎn)變,但因這些內(nèi)容無法在三個月內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn),因此,無實(shí)際全面實(shí)施考核的可能性。
3)管理機(jī)制已經(jīng)不能完全適應(yīng)畢業(yè)分類指導(dǎo)的需要,在一定程度上也影響了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)質(zhì)量。學(xué)校和學(xué)院現(xiàn)有的教學(xué)管理模式是針對大多數(shù)學(xué)生的情況制定的,不夠靈活,既難以充分發(fā)揮優(yōu)秀學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力,也難以提高落后學(xué)生的綜合能力。對分類指導(dǎo)、因材施教的考慮不周全,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的整體教學(xué)水平難以提高。
4)其它客觀因素。影響畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的客觀因素還有很多,例如,實(shí)驗(yàn)條件緊缺,企業(yè)合作較虛,大部分設(shè)計(jì)電廠自動化的實(shí)驗(yàn)缺乏實(shí)現(xiàn)條件。
2提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的改革措施
2.1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)時間的調(diào)整
從本屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開始,我校開始調(diào)整畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的時間安排,把前期工作安排在第七學(xué)期最后三周,要求在這三周內(nèi)完成文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯以及開題報告。然后希望學(xué)生能夠利用部分寒假時間進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的后續(xù)工作,為開學(xué)初的畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)做準(zhǔn)備工作,從而使得學(xué)生能夠帶著畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中的問題參加畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),增強(qiáng)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的針對性,最終提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量。為了進(jìn)一步的落實(shí)分類指導(dǎo)與因材施教,我系將根據(jù)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績安排給與更為合理的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)時間。對于成績前10%的特別優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,可以在第六學(xué)期初結(jié)合畢業(yè)后的計(jì)劃開始進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題,在這學(xué)期內(nèi)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研與英文文獻(xiàn)的翻譯工作,爭取在第六學(xué)期末進(jìn)行開題,利用大四一年時間完成具體設(shè)計(jì)和論文撰寫,鼓勵結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果撰寫與發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總時長達(dá)到三個學(xué)期,這個時間相當(dāng)于目前2.5年制的研究生用于研究的時間,從而保障這部分優(yōu)秀學(xué)生有充分的時間將畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)做的更加深入。對于成績前30%左右的學(xué)生,則可在第七學(xué)期初選題、開題,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總時長為兩個學(xué)期。對于成績一般以及成績特別差的學(xué)生,采用學(xué)校統(tǒng)一安排的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)時間,第七學(xué)期中后期選題,第七學(xué)期末畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)總時長保持在半年以上。而對于動手能力特別強(qiáng)和參加各類課外科技競賽的學(xué)生,可在第五學(xué)期完成選題,開題并將其畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與競賽結(jié)合,總時長為四個學(xué)期。
2.2指導(dǎo)方式改革探索
由于教師資源相對不足,為了更好指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),我系正探索指導(dǎo)方式的改革。一方面,我系2014屆和2015屆畢業(yè)生均在120人左右,而現(xiàn)有專職教師只有15人,平均每位教師指導(dǎo)8名學(xué)生。另一方面,由于自動控制學(xué)科的發(fā)展日新月異,熱工過程自動化也得到了快速發(fā)展,涉及的領(lǐng)域不斷延伸,幾乎包羅萬象,不可能要求每位教師都對每個領(lǐng)域均有深入的認(rèn)識。因此,在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)過程中,應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮教研團(tuán)隊(duì)的優(yōu)勢,探索集體指導(dǎo)和個人指導(dǎo)相結(jié)合的指導(dǎo)方式尤為重要。鑒于在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,學(xué)生通常會遇到一系列的問題,尤其是面臨工程實(shí)際方面的問題時,感到無所適從,急盼有教師的指導(dǎo)。因此,指導(dǎo)教師每周安排一次答疑與討論,每個工作日下午安排一名教師開展集體指導(dǎo)。提前安排時間與地點(diǎn),即時通知學(xué)生,學(xué)生既可得到指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo),還可根據(jù)自己的問題,選擇相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的教師參加集體指導(dǎo)。
2.3畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題模式的探索
我校已使用畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題系統(tǒng),先由教師命題上網(wǎng),然后由學(xué)生上網(wǎng)選擇,每位學(xué)生可以選擇兩個題目,最后指導(dǎo)教師確認(rèn)。為了更好地因材施教,我系對選題工作進(jìn)行了探索。首先從命題上把好質(zhì)量關(guān)。要求指導(dǎo)教師分別在題目命題來源、命題類型、命題質(zhì)量等方面下功夫,并對不同層次的學(xué)生采用不同的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)命題。我系成立了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)小組,在選題期間,組織教師對命題應(yīng)在一定范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格評審打分,只有通過評審的題目才能予以通過。對于特別優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生,尤其是保研的學(xué)生,將他們作為創(chuàng)新拔尖人才培養(yǎng)的主力,命題可以結(jié)合國家和省部級重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目,從項(xiàng)目中抽取部分有一定深度和難度且?guī)в星罢靶缘恼n題,鍛煉其科研能力和動手能力,沖刺校優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。對于成績在前30%左右的學(xué)生,從科研項(xiàng)目中抽取部分動手和鍛煉工作能力較強(qiáng)的課題,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識與能力。對于成績一般和較差的學(xué)生,命題結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,鍛煉其在實(shí)際工作中解決問題的能力。而針對考研學(xué)生,可以選取一些相對難度較小的科研題目進(jìn)行研究,注重科研能力的訓(xùn)練與培養(yǎng),為將來研究生的深造打好基礎(chǔ)。對于力爭進(jìn)入特別優(yōu)秀學(xué)生的選題,系畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)小組將組織面試考核,考核成績供命題教師參考。學(xué)生在選題期間,即時向指導(dǎo)教師匯報學(xué)習(xí)情況,命題教師根據(jù)選題學(xué)生的具體情況,選擇與命題要求相吻合的學(xué)生,確定選題學(xué)生。
2.4管理制度方面的改革
為了加強(qiáng)對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的管理,根據(jù)學(xué)校與學(xué)院對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的管理規(guī)定,我系制定了管理細(xì)則,探索從制度建設(shè)方面保障畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量,主要改革方面如下:
1)加強(qiáng)對學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間的管理。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)動員大會上,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)小組給學(xué)生闡明畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的嚴(yán)肅性,明確指出畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)將從嚴(yán)把關(guān),從而使得學(xué)生端正畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,學(xué)生必須在指導(dǎo)教師指定的場所開展工作,從而便于指導(dǎo)教師檢查與指導(dǎo),規(guī)定學(xué)生每個工作日必須在指定場所,無特殊情況不得請假,由指定學(xué)生負(fù)責(zé)每天的考勤,系指導(dǎo)小組將不定期進(jìn)行考勤檢查,從而改變以往懶散的作風(fēng)。學(xué)生每周參與答疑,即時匯報畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)展,指導(dǎo)教師將記錄每周的答疑情況。指導(dǎo)教師嚴(yán)格根據(jù)學(xué)生的平時表現(xiàn)評定學(xué)生的平時成績。
2)加強(qiáng)對指導(dǎo)教師的督查工作。為了督促教師積極參與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)工作,學(xué)校與學(xué)院有教學(xué)督導(dǎo)會進(jìn)行常規(guī)的教學(xué)檢查。我系將加強(qiáng)這方面的督查,每周向?qū)W生調(diào)查指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)情況。為了充分調(diào)動指導(dǎo)教師的積極性,將設(shè)立經(jīng)費(fèi)進(jìn)行獎勵,對認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的指導(dǎo)教師要予以獎勵,為了公平起見,對于指導(dǎo)非特別優(yōu)秀學(xué)生獲得優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的教師,系將加大力度獎勵。對于指導(dǎo)不力的指導(dǎo)教師,限制下年的指導(dǎo)人數(shù)。
3)嚴(yán)格考核畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程的各個階段。為了使得學(xué)生和教師高度重視畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),有必要加強(qiáng)對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程各階段的考核,而不是只注重畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的最后結(jié)果。將整個畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程分三階段進(jìn)行檢查考核:第一階段(畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作初期):檢查師資配備和設(shè)備條件、課題審查情況及學(xué)生選題結(jié)果。第二階段(中期):深入教學(xué)現(xiàn)場,進(jìn)行實(shí)地檢查,通過觀察、提問,考察學(xué)生的工作狀況;了解學(xué)生對教學(xué)工作的反映;同時檢查教師的工作狀況,依據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)管理細(xì)則對教師與學(xué)生的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行打分。第三階段(后期):這個階段重點(diǎn)抓好答辯資格審查工作與成績評定工作。學(xué)生答辯前,要進(jìn)行答辯資格審查。學(xué)生按規(guī)定時間完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),經(jīng)“審閱”、“評閱”合格后,方可參加答辯。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成績由“審閱”“評閱”“答辯”三個環(huán)節(jié)組成,各環(huán)節(jié)成績占總成績的比例分別為40%、30%、30%。由指導(dǎo)教師、評閱教師、答辯小組分別寫出評語并給成績,最后綜合評定學(xué)生的成績。為了避免教師擔(dān)心自己帶的學(xué)生成績偏低或答辯通不過給自己帶來麻煩,系指導(dǎo)小組將協(xié)調(diào)后續(xù)工作,使得指導(dǎo)教師能客觀評分。為了客觀公正進(jìn)行評閱,采用集體交叉盲審形式。嚴(yán)格按程序組織答辯,避免走過場。
摘要:我國自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展非常迅速,在冶金業(yè)中的應(yīng)用我國已經(jīng)自主開發(fā)出了具有世界領(lǐng)先水平的核心控制軟件。本文從物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)、數(shù)學(xué)模型、自動化系統(tǒng)的集成與創(chuàng)新以及能源管控一體化對冶金工業(yè)自動化技術(shù)作了更深入的分析。
近些年我國自動化專業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展得到了很大的成就,已經(jīng)被推廣至制造業(yè)的應(yīng)用中。并且基于計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的自動化技術(shù)應(yīng)用在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益中有很顯著的成果。本文主要以冶金工業(yè)自動化技術(shù)為主進(jìn)行分析。
物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在冶金企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用
繼計(jì)算機(jī)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與移動通信網(wǎng)之后,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被認(rèn)為是世界信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的第三次浪潮,其具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。但是目前對物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的研究也僅僅停留在概念階段,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在冶金工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用存在很多問題,主要表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:
(1)研制生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵特殊傳感器――工業(yè)用傳感器。工業(yè)傳感器能夠?qū)ξ矬w的狀態(tài)和變化進(jìn)行測量或者感知,并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為計(jì)算機(jī)能夠處理的電子信號。工業(yè)自動檢測和自動控制實(shí)現(xiàn)的首要環(huán)節(jié)就是研制生產(chǎn)工業(yè)用傳感器。在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)自動化生產(chǎn)中,必須注重自動化生產(chǎn)過程中的各個參數(shù)的監(jiān)視和控制,從而確保設(shè)備能夠正常工作,并且使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量達(dá)到最佳效果,而對各個參數(shù)的監(jiān)視和控制就是通過各種傳感器來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此,質(zhì)優(yōu)價廉工業(yè)傳感器有助于現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)體系的構(gòu)建。
(2)通過工業(yè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)布局和建設(shè)工廠傳感網(wǎng)。工業(yè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)將傳感器技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)及無線通信技術(shù)、嵌入式計(jì)算技術(shù)、分布式信息處理技術(shù)等結(jié)合起來,它是一種由大量隨機(jī)分布的、具有實(shí)時感知和自組織能力的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)組成的網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)。繼現(xiàn)場總線之后,工業(yè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)是工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域又一熱點(diǎn)技術(shù),它能夠使工業(yè)測控系統(tǒng)成本得以降低并且能夠使工業(yè)測控系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用范圍得以提高電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文。工業(yè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)引起許多國家學(xué)術(shù)界和工業(yè)界的高度重視。
過程控制數(shù)學(xué)模型在冶金自動化中的應(yīng)用
冶金自動化的不斷突破是離不開數(shù)學(xué)模型的。如果把數(shù)學(xué)模型這項(xiàng)技術(shù)掌握了,就拿到了自動化的主動權(quán)和話語權(quán)。因此,要想生產(chǎn)國家急需的鋼鐵產(chǎn)品,就需要高水平的自動化技術(shù)做支持,而發(fā)達(dá)國家在自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展上比較成熟,他們?yōu)榱四撤N目的是不會將其高端技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓出去的,他們所轉(zhuǎn)讓的技術(shù)基本上都是過時的要不就是有條件限制的技術(shù)。到目前為止,我國的冶金自動化已經(jīng)發(fā)展到一定的水平,開展高端冶金自動化領(lǐng)域數(shù)學(xué)模型的自主創(chuàng)新條件基本成熟,能夠滿足市場的廣泛需求。另外,我國已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了一個富有技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力的團(tuán)隊(duì),為數(shù)學(xué)模型的自主創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造了良好的基礎(chǔ)條件。數(shù)學(xué)模型是對象表征的控制,是對象可執(zhí)行的表述,數(shù)學(xué)模型與信息技術(shù)、工藝能力以及自動化技術(shù)進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合,從而使得數(shù)學(xué)模型的優(yōu)勢更能充分的發(fā)揮出來,因此,數(shù)學(xué)模型通常被稱為自動化與信息化的核心技術(shù)。我國鋼鐵工業(yè)要想生產(chǎn)出國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需求的鋼材品種,就需要建立高可用性和高精度的數(shù)學(xué)模型。高可用性和高精度的數(shù)學(xué)模型能夠確保產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量以及節(jié)能效果,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品可持續(xù)發(fā)展電氣自動化。
過程控制數(shù)學(xué)模型在國內(nèi)鋼鐵行業(yè)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展,目前還剛剛起步,方興未艾,隨著需求的發(fā)展,未來的數(shù)學(xué)模型還有著極大的發(fā)展空間。從現(xiàn)在起,形成社會的關(guān)注,這對數(shù)學(xué)模型的未來發(fā)展,會起到一定的積極作用。打破數(shù)學(xué)模型的神秘感。相信自己的力量,鼓足自己的信心,模型應(yīng)用從低級向高級逐步發(fā)展,不斷積累技術(shù),不斷培養(yǎng)人才,踏下心來,抓上幾個項(xiàng)目,就一定能搞出名堂來,收到明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會效益。發(fā)展以數(shù)學(xué)模型為核心的自動化技術(shù),是落實(shí)科技創(chuàng)造未來的具體體現(xiàn),也是我國鋼鐵工業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)新的騰飛的助推器。在過程控制數(shù)學(xué)模型的研發(fā)與應(yīng)用上,要實(shí)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)突破,開發(fā)出有中國特色的數(shù)學(xué)模型產(chǎn)品與技術(shù),走出一條研制一批,儲備一批,生產(chǎn)一批以科研促生產(chǎn)、以生產(chǎn)出產(chǎn)品、以產(chǎn)品保應(yīng)用的新的可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路來。
以國產(chǎn)化創(chuàng)新型產(chǎn)品與技術(shù)為核心的自動化系統(tǒng)的集成與創(chuàng)新
目前,我國冶金工業(yè)自動化系統(tǒng)的建設(shè),許多都處于開環(huán)控制或局部閉環(huán)控制階段。而要實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義的自動化系統(tǒng)的集成與創(chuàng)新就要在全過程方面實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的閉環(huán)。當(dāng)然,這還要涉及到有關(guān)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、檢測單元等方面的支持與配合。其核心是國產(chǎn)化的技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品,并廣泛采用國內(nèi)外其他先進(jìn)技術(shù)做支持,以保證整套系統(tǒng)的品質(zhì)與質(zhì)量。如果仍然還是停留在實(shí)現(xiàn)局部閉環(huán)控制上,就不能真正稱之為系統(tǒng)的集成與創(chuàng)新。以國產(chǎn)化創(chuàng)新型產(chǎn)品與技術(shù)為核心的自動化系統(tǒng)的集成與創(chuàng)新是在控制系統(tǒng)、控制工程設(shè)計(jì)和組態(tài)軟件、工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)、制造管理和執(zhí)行軟件等多方面的基礎(chǔ)上,通過集成與優(yōu)化,實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義上的生產(chǎn)管控一體化和生產(chǎn)過程控制智能化。
能源管控一體化建設(shè)
冶金工業(yè)是耗能大戶,能耗將制約冶金工業(yè)的發(fā)展,我國冶金工業(yè)也正面臨著由粗放型向精細(xì)化轉(zhuǎn)型電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文工作報告。以耗能來核定產(chǎn)能,或許將成為可能。所以整個冶金工業(yè)的節(jié)能降耗、低碳減排工作十分繁重,利用自動化技術(shù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)降低能耗,是冶金工業(yè)節(jié)能減排、實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色工廠的重要手段之一
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冶金企業(yè)能源管控一體化建設(shè),如果只停留在數(shù)據(jù)采集階段,那么意義不大。這也是目前已經(jīng)普遍實(shí)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)。針對冶金工業(yè)能源管控的特點(diǎn),一是耗能大戶,二是在冶金生產(chǎn)過程中,又伴生出大量的可燃性氣體,如焦?fàn)t煤氣、高爐煤氣、轉(zhuǎn)爐煤氣等。所以能源管控的工作重心是能源使用管理的優(yōu)化、二次能源的安全合理使用、多種能源介質(zhì)統(tǒng)一平臺操作、改變傳統(tǒng)的能源計(jì)量方式以及能源安全管理預(yù)警等。能源管控中心建設(shè)的特點(diǎn)是控制模型和管理模型的融合。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]郭雨春,陳志,王昊宇.冶金自動化發(fā)展的策略與思考[J].自動化博覽,2015,(S1).
[2]冶金自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢[J].山東冶金,2015,(S1).
電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文(二)
摘要:企業(yè)行政管理效率的高低將直接影響企業(yè)的各項(xiàng)工作的開展。行政管理工作涉及面廣,綜合性強(qiáng),行政管理人員必須把學(xué)習(xí)作為一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),做到理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際,在實(shí)踐中增長才干,同時發(fā)揚(yáng)務(wù)實(shí)求實(shí),注重實(shí)效的作風(fēng)。努力健全企業(yè)規(guī)章制度,不斷提高企業(yè)行政管理效率,進(jìn)而為企業(yè)的長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。本文探討了企業(yè)的行政管理工作方法電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文。
做好現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的行政管理工作,有利于合理分配人力物力資源,提高員工工作積極性,降低企業(yè)的資源浪費(fèi),提升企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)企業(yè)的高速發(fā)展,擴(kuò)大企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,對企業(yè)的意義極大,要合理解決這一問題,就需要我們從各方面出發(fā),對管理人員、管理部門、管理制度進(jìn)行合理的優(yōu)化,從而提高整個行政管理的效率。
企業(yè)行政管理的意義
有利于增強(qiáng)企業(yè)適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的能力
各企業(yè)的順利發(fā)展都會為我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn),在改革開放以來,我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)取得了迅猛發(fā)展,這為企業(yè)的發(fā)展既帶來了機(jī)遇也帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。目前,每個企業(yè)都在加強(qiáng)與有效落實(shí)我國各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略思想與戰(zhàn)略任務(wù),而這些思想與任務(wù)都要通過企業(yè)的行政管理來推動。各企業(yè)只有合理設(shè)置行政管理制度、結(jié)構(gòu)體制,有效加強(qiáng)行政管理工作,才能改變以往企業(yè)行政管理部門無章可循的現(xiàn)象,才能激發(fā)行政管理部門的工作人員的工作熱情,使他們深入基層,了解各部門的工作流程與業(yè)務(wù)范圍,從而制定出符合企業(yè)發(fā)展需要的各項(xiàng)管理方法與規(guī)章制度
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企業(yè)各部門在行政管理部門的溝通與協(xié)調(diào)下,也會始終處于良性的運(yùn)作狀態(tài),這樣可以使企業(yè)更好地適應(yīng)形勢發(fā)展的需要,推動企業(yè)自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
有助于促進(jìn)企業(yè)自身的發(fā)展和我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展
經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展給企業(yè)行政管理帶來諸多的問題與困難,這些問題與困難都在一定程度上阻礙企業(yè)的發(fā)展電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文工作報告。為了使企業(yè)更好地適應(yīng)現(xiàn)階段新形勢的發(fā)展,各企業(yè)都會加強(qiáng)行政管理行,以增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的核心競爭力。企業(yè)加強(qiáng)行政管理,努力同相關(guān)部門及協(xié)作單位建立良好的溝通合作關(guān)系,給企業(yè)自身提供良好的發(fā)展空間和穩(wěn)定的內(nèi)外部環(huán)境,擴(kuò)大企業(yè)的發(fā)展模,使企業(yè)做強(qiáng)做大。此外,加強(qiáng)行政管理通過各種方法解決企業(yè)員工在工作上遇到的一些難題和生活中遇到的困難,通過人性關(guān)愛,使員工感受到單位的溫暖,從而提升他們的奉獻(xiàn)精神,使他們快樂的融入到企業(yè)這個大家庭中,并自覺為企業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量,從而保障企業(yè)健康和諧的發(fā)展,也推動了我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體發(fā)展。
提高企業(yè)的行政管理工作的方法
建立有效的行政管理模式
企業(yè)良好運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵是保持行政管理工作的合理性。所以,選擇和設(shè)計(jì)符合企業(yè)內(nèi)外特點(diǎn)的組織機(jī)構(gòu)是保證行政命令貫徹的重要前提。因此,合理選擇與設(shè)計(jì)行政組織機(jī)構(gòu)與行政管理科學(xué)化密不可分,實(shí)施企業(yè)的規(guī)范化管理,必須堅(jiān)持科學(xué)性和實(shí)用性的原則,合理建構(gòu)企業(yè)的行政管理部門,強(qiáng)化企業(yè)的內(nèi)部管理職能,將行政與管理合理有效的進(jìn)行結(jié)合,建立有效的行政管理模式。
堅(jiān)持科學(xué)合理的企業(yè)管理方法
企業(yè)的行政管理部門要根據(jù)企業(yè)自身的實(shí)際情況建立和完善企業(yè)的績效評估、目標(biāo)管理和成本核算等制度。同時在企業(yè)運(yùn)行的過程中,建立完善的績效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),形成公平、競爭的平臺。這個平臺上充滿競爭、激勵、開放、交流的特征,管理者不完全控制員工做事情的方式,而去衡量做事情的結(jié)果。對于企業(yè)項(xiàng)目建設(shè),進(jìn)行科學(xué)化的管理和監(jiān)督。高度重視成本預(yù)算,合理進(jìn)行預(yù)測。科學(xué)地對管理人員和員工的工作業(yè)績進(jìn)行衡量,充分提高企業(yè)的運(yùn)行效率。
加強(qiáng)企業(yè)行政管理的溝通與協(xié)作
在企業(yè)運(yùn)行過程中,加強(qiáng)各個環(huán)節(jié)之間的溝通非常重要。溝通包括縱向溝通和橫向溝通。縱向溝通分為與上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、下屬、部門溝通。與上級溝通,要充分領(lǐng)悟上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的表述或潛在的含義,明確問題的實(shí)質(zhì),同時要將自己和下級部門的觀點(diǎn)清晰地傳達(dá)給上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。要有較好的觀察分析能力和表達(dá)能力,方能與上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)步調(diào)一致,行之有效地開展工作電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文。與下級溝通,主要是執(zhí)行上級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決議以及收集下級部門各項(xiàng)信息,需要有較強(qiáng)的組織能力和靈活的變通能力,緩解可能出現(xiàn)的矛盾和分歧。橫向溝通包括與企業(yè)內(nèi)部相關(guān)職能部門、與關(guān)系企業(yè)的窗口部門和外界媒體及政府機(jī)關(guān)的溝通等,務(wù)必真誠、謙虛、謹(jǐn)慎,為企業(yè)爭取良好的外部環(huán)境。在管理實(shí)踐中堅(jiān)持以溝通協(xié)調(diào)為紐帶堅(jiān)持以人為本,營造融洽的人際關(guān)系,協(xié)調(diào)各方面的利益,加強(qiáng)協(xié)作,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
創(chuàng)新企業(yè)行政管理體制機(jī)制
當(dāng)前,要想更好地應(yīng)對企業(yè)之間的激烈競爭,創(chuàng)新企業(yè)行政管理體制機(jī)制非常重要。由于受到傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的影響,我國企業(yè)行政管理制度還不夠完善。要想適應(yīng)當(dāng)前社會的發(fā)展,就必須進(jìn)行行政管理制度改革,制定出適合當(dāng)前運(yùn)營狀態(tài),且能夠提高員工工作效率的行政管理制度。首先,要積極健全企業(yè)行政管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制。一個企業(yè)要想獲得發(fā)展,就必須擁有完善的行政管理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體。制定一套符合企業(yè)自身實(shí)際情況的監(jiān)督體制,以確保監(jiān)督各部門的實(shí)際工作情況,使得各部門各司其職,各負(fù)其責(zé);其次,積極完善企業(yè)行政管理中的其他規(guī)章制度。良好的企業(yè)管理制度一定會保證企業(yè)健康有效的發(fā)展。企業(yè)要想取得發(fā)展就必須重視企業(yè)行政管理制度的建設(shè)。通過制度建設(shè)正本清源,成為企業(yè)員工明確遵守的信條,從而保證企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的不斷提升。
提高企業(yè)行政管理部門的人員素質(zhì)
行政管理部門擁有優(yōu)秀的有素質(zhì)的人才是企業(yè)健康發(fā)展的需要,是企業(yè)提高競爭能力的基石。企業(yè)中的行政管理人員一定要具備較高的素質(zhì)和熟練的業(yè)務(wù)水平,因此,企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)完善行政管理人員的招聘機(jī)制,盡可能的選拔一批優(yōu)秀的行政管理人才來企業(yè)工作。加大對現(xiàn)有行政管理人員的培訓(xùn)力度,以提升行政管理人員的整體素質(zhì)。首先,提高企業(yè)員工的服務(wù)意識。企業(yè)行政管理部門的意義就是服務(wù)于企業(yè),行政管理部門是否能夠與企業(yè)的企業(yè)部門密切的合作。因此,要不斷提高企業(yè)行政管理人員的服務(wù)職責(zé),保證企業(yè)行政管理工作的順利開展;其次,加強(qiáng)對企業(yè)行政管理人員的培訓(xùn)。企業(yè)可以根據(jù)自身的條件讓企業(yè)行政管理人員到兄弟企業(yè)或者國外企業(yè)進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)和學(xué)習(xí),提高自身的能力;再次,企業(yè)行政管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的建立務(wù)必要選用德才兼?zhèn)涞墓芾砣瞬牛谶x取過程中要務(wù)必保證過程透明化,這樣才能保證管理隊(duì)伍的整體素質(zhì)。
加快企業(yè)行政管理工作信息化的進(jìn)程
企業(yè)行政管理工作應(yīng)著眼企業(yè)信息化的發(fā)展的需求和趨勢,推進(jìn)信息化建設(shè),使其成為企業(yè)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大推動力。首先,通過辦公自動化、ERP等軟件逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上辦公,借助于無線上網(wǎng)的筆記本電腦、平板電腦、智能手機(jī)等隨身攜帶的終端設(shè)備,只要在網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號覆蓋的任何地方、任何時間均可上網(wǎng)辦公、處理事物電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文工作報告。也就是說,辦公地點(diǎn)不固定在辦公室,而是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋的任何地方。這種改變將使企業(yè)行政管理人員的工作方式更為方便、工作效率得到極大提高
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其次,引入可視電話、可視聊天等網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具辦公。可視、語音等網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具可以使上級公司與下級公司、上級與下屬可以實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上會議,既節(jié)約時間,彼此之間又實(shí)現(xiàn)了廣泛的互動。另外,網(wǎng)上點(diǎn)播電視、遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)、遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療、電子圖書館、電子博物館等也可逐步引入企業(yè)行政管理領(lǐng)域,成為企業(yè)行政管理工作的一部分。
總之,企業(yè)行政管理效率的高低將直接影響企業(yè)的各項(xiàng)工作的開展。行政管理人員要有豐富的理論水平、業(yè)務(wù)水平,必須把學(xué)習(xí)作為一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),并緊密同工作結(jié)合起來,這樣企業(yè)的行政管理工作才能雜而不亂,有序的進(jìn)行。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]馬蔚然.論企業(yè)行政管理職業(yè)化[J].企業(yè)導(dǎo)報.20XX(17).
[2]康音.關(guān)于企業(yè)行政管理改革相關(guān)問題的探討[J].東方企業(yè)文化.20XX(18).
[3]毛慧娟.淺析新時期企業(yè)行政管理的重要性及創(chuàng)新路徑[J].經(jīng)營管理者.20XX(17).
[4]鄭斌.關(guān)于企業(yè)行政管理工作定位和發(fā)展的審視[J].管理科學(xué)20XX年第5期.
電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文(三)
供應(yīng)鏈管理中戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴選擇問題研究
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的到來,無國界化企業(yè)經(jīng)營的趨勢越來越明顯,整個市場競爭呈現(xiàn)明顯的國際化和一體化。競爭也不再是企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間的競爭,而是供應(yīng)鏈與供應(yīng)鏈之問的競爭,為了使企業(yè)在市場競爭中立于不敗之地,必須對供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴進(jìn)行科學(xué)的評價與選擇,從而保證整條供應(yīng)鏈的效率和穩(wěn)定性,使企業(yè)在激烈的競爭中保持自己的競爭優(yōu)勢。
為了提高市場競爭力,保持不敗之地,企業(yè)積極尋求新的管理模式,供應(yīng)鏈管理下戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。處于競爭日益激烈的商業(yè)環(huán)境,為降低生產(chǎn)成本,降低庫存,改善產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴的選擇尤為重要。本文通過對對供應(yīng)鏈管理中戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴選擇中潛在的問題分析,提出戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴選擇相應(yīng)的對策及方法,進(jìn)而更好的選擇供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴。
Abstract
Withthecomingofeconomicglobalizationandtheeraofknowledgeeconomy,enterpriseoperationwithoutnationalboundariesisbecomingmoreandmoreapparent.Thewholemarketcompetitionalsopresentsobviousinternationalizationandintegration.It'samongthesupplytrainswherethecompetitionlies,notjustamongtheenterprise.Inordertokeepintheinvinciblepositioninthecompetition,theenterprisemustselectandevaluatethestrategicpartnersscientifically,consequentlykeepingthesupplychainstableandefficient,alsoholdingtheadvantageoftheenterpriseinthefiercecompetition.
Inordertoimprovethemarketcompetitivepower,keeptheinvincibleposition,theenterprisestoactivelyseeknewmanagementmode,supplychainmanagementstrategypartnerrelationsarisesatthehistoricmoment.Intheincreasinglycompetitivebusinessenvironment,toreducetheproductioncost,reduceinventory,improvethequalityoftheproducts,strategicpartnerselectionisparticularlyimportant.Thisarticlethroughover-indulgenceinsupplychainmanagementstrategicpartnersinthechoiceofapotentialproblemanalysis,proposedthestrategiccooperationpartnerschoosecorrespondingcountermeasuresandmethods,andthenbetterchoicesupplychainstrategiccooperationpartners.
Keywords:SupplyChain;Supplychainmanagement;Supplychainstrategypartnerselection;Supplier;Competition
緒論
本文的選題背景
世紀(jì)90年代以來,由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步和經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展、全球化信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和全球化市場的形成,圍繞新產(chǎn)品的市場競爭日趨激烈。技術(shù)進(jìn)步和需求多樣化使得產(chǎn)品周期不斷縮短,企業(yè)面臨著開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品、縮短交貨期、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低生產(chǎn)成本和改進(jìn)客戶服務(wù)的壓力。這些壓力歸根到底是要求企業(yè)對市場做出快速反應(yīng),源源不斷地開發(fā)出消費(fèi)者需要的個性化產(chǎn)品去占領(lǐng)市場以贏得競爭。
世紀(jì)全球競爭主要有以下幾個特點(diǎn):(1)信息技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展和信息資源利用要求的提高;(2)產(chǎn)品研發(fā)提升到企業(yè)競爭的重要地位;(3)全球化市場的建立和無國界競爭的加劇;(4)用戶個性化、多樣化需求的出現(xiàn);(5)全球化技術(shù)支持和售后服務(wù)。而企業(yè)也面臨著挑戰(zhàn):(1)縮短產(chǎn)品研發(fā)周期;(2)降低庫存水平;(3)縮短交貨期;(4)全球性技術(shù)支持和售后服務(wù);(5)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求;(6)用戶的要求越來越苛刻。在這科技迅速發(fā)展、世界競爭日趨激烈、客戶需求不斷變化、企業(yè)面臨的壓力日益增加的形勢下,傳統(tǒng)的縱向一體化的模式暴露出了許多缺陷,它增加了企業(yè)的投資負(fù)擔(dān),迫使企業(yè)從事自己并不擅長的業(yè)務(wù),導(dǎo)致了在每個業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域都直接面臨著眾多的競爭對手,增加了企業(yè)的風(fēng)險。
在這種情況下,一種全新的管理模式橫向一體化的管理模式應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,它使企業(yè)集中自己的核心優(yōu)勢,就是利用企業(yè)外部資源迅速響應(yīng)市場需要,只抓企業(yè)發(fā)展中最核心的東西:產(chǎn)品方向和市場。至于生產(chǎn),只抓關(guān)鍵零部件的制造,甚至全部委托其它企業(yè)加工。例如,福特汽車公司的Festival車就是由美國人設(shè)計(jì),在日本馬自達(dá)工廠生產(chǎn)發(fā)動機(jī),由韓國的制造廠生產(chǎn)其他零件和裝配,最后在美國市場上銷售。制造商把零部件生產(chǎn)和整車裝配都放在了企業(yè)的外部,這樣做的目的是利用了其他企業(yè)的資源促使產(chǎn)品快速上馬,避免自己投資帶來的基建周期長等問題。贏得了產(chǎn)品在低成本、高質(zhì)量、早上市等諸方面的競爭優(yōu)勢電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文。如何選擇與自己企業(yè)最合適的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴也說成了一個新的、炙手可熱的研究課題。
本文研究的重大意義
供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系形成于供應(yīng)鏈中為了特定的目標(biāo)和利益的企業(yè)之問。形成的原因通常是為了降低供應(yīng)鏈的總成本、降低庫存水平、增強(qiáng)信息共享、改善相互之問的交流、保持戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴相互之間操作的一貫性、產(chǎn)生更大的競爭優(yōu)勢,以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)的財務(wù)狀況、質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量、交貨期、用戶滿意度和業(yè)績的改善和提高。顯然,選擇了合適的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴必然將使核心企業(yè)在很多方面產(chǎn)生一系列在傳統(tǒng)的縱向一體化管理模式申所無法比擬的巨大優(yōu)勢,從而提高了整個供應(yīng)鏈的競爭能力電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文文章電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文出自http://gkstk.com/article/wk-4474847554091.html,轉(zhuǎn)載請保留此鏈接!。然而,如果選擇了不合適的供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴,所帶來的破壞性也是十分巨大的。因此,對供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴的選擇問題進(jìn)行深入的研究和探討是具有重要的理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的。
本文研究的主要內(nèi)容及結(jié)構(gòu)
本文以現(xiàn)代供應(yīng)鏈管理理論為基礎(chǔ),使我們更清晰的了解供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系選擇的重要性,選擇合適的戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴能夠提高整個供應(yīng)鏈的競爭能力。通過分析來看供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系建立的益處與風(fēng)險,進(jìn)一步了解供應(yīng)鏈管理中戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴選擇問題的現(xiàn)狀,進(jìn)而更好的進(jìn)行供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴的選擇,挑選出最合適的供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴。
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看本文分成五章。
第一章:緒論
WiseMedia
介紹選題的背景和意義以及本文的主要工作電氣自動化畢業(yè)論文開題報告范文工作報告。
第二章:簡單介紹供應(yīng)鏈管理的相關(guān)的理論知識。
第三章:供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴選擇問題的意義及必要性。
創(chuàng)新型工程人才 培養(yǎng)
【中圖分類號】G【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】0450-9889(2013)10C-
0098-02
隨著我國高等教育大眾化的不斷普及以及市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,工業(yè)化、自動化的建設(shè)規(guī)模不斷地推進(jìn),獨(dú)立學(xué)院已成為我國高等教育普及化一股不可忽視的力量,為社會培養(yǎng)了一大批專業(yè)人才;同時它也是高等教育進(jìn)程中的新生事物,還有許多不成熟的地方,不管是從教學(xué)規(guī)模、師資隊(duì)伍、科研能力還是從實(shí)踐教學(xué)、生源層次來看,研究型大學(xué)或教學(xué)研究型大學(xué)都比它的條件優(yōu)越得多。在這樣的環(huán)境下,為了能夠在激烈的高校競爭中求生存,謀發(fā)展,獨(dú)立學(xué)院不得不凸顯自身的辦學(xué)特點(diǎn)與優(yōu)勢,提升辦學(xué)質(zhì)量,因此,培養(yǎng)適合新時期社會發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新型工程人才成為了獨(dú)立學(xué)院的必然選擇之路。
自動專業(yè)是一個具有代表性的工科類專業(yè),具有涉及領(lǐng)域多、覆蓋內(nèi)容廣的寬口徑特點(diǎn),該專業(yè)所培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生也是社會急需的社會人才。獨(dú)立學(xué)院在培養(yǎng)自動化專業(yè)人才時,應(yīng)明確培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)與要求,所制定的人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)應(yīng)適合社會發(fā)展的需求,重視應(yīng)用教育和工程教育,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐動手能力和創(chuàng)新能力。確定自己的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是走工程應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新型人才培養(yǎng)之路,這對獨(dú)立學(xué)院而言是一個挑戰(zhàn),也是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的、有意義的人才培養(yǎng)方案改革。本文主要從獨(dú)立學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)、人才培養(yǎng)模式的改革、實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)建設(shè)三個方面來探討創(chuàng)新型工程人才目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程,構(gòu)建獨(dú)立學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型工程培養(yǎng)體系,培養(yǎng)出適應(yīng)新時期社會發(fā)展所需要的人才。
一、師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)
教師是獨(dú)立學(xué)院可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要力量,加強(qiáng)師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)對獨(dú)立學(xué)院的辦學(xué)質(zhì)量的提升、創(chuàng)新型工程人才的培養(yǎng)是非常重要的一個條件。自動化專業(yè)是一個工程實(shí)踐性較強(qiáng)的專業(yè),所以獨(dú)立學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)教師不但要具有較強(qiáng)理論水平,而且要有一定工程項(xiàng)目經(jīng)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)操作能力,這就使得師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)要向“雙師型”方向發(fā)展。
“雙師型”教師是指既有講師或以上職稱,又具有自動化專業(yè)工程技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)中級工程師或以上職稱的工程技術(shù)人員。獨(dú)立學(xué)院注重創(chuàng)新型工程人才的培養(yǎng),“雙師型”教師具備了豐富的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和工程實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),這樣的教師在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的理論知識上有所特長,同時可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的專業(yè)技能和實(shí)踐動手能力。近年來,獨(dú)立學(xué)院聘請了許多剛畢業(yè)的、高學(xué)歷的年輕教師;而剛剛畢業(yè)的年輕教師,雖然具備了一定的理論教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),但是缺乏工程實(shí)踐的經(jīng)歷,所以要達(dá)到“雙師型”教師的教學(xué)水平還需要努力加強(qiáng)工程實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練。培養(yǎng)年輕教師的工程素養(yǎng),提高年輕教師的工程實(shí)踐能力,這是培養(yǎng)自動化創(chuàng)新型工程人才至關(guān)重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。鼓勵缺乏工程實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的自動化專業(yè)教師積極走出去,與對口的企業(yè)進(jìn)行合作,借助企業(yè)的資金優(yōu)勢和豐富的設(shè)備資源,并與教師自身的研究方向相結(jié)合,以開發(fā)重大的科研項(xiàng)目、提高企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的核心技術(shù)為研究課題,為企業(yè)提供服務(wù),幫助企業(yè)解決技術(shù)難題。對年輕教師來說,在企業(yè)的鍛煉,可以提高動手能力、工程實(shí)踐能力和科研能力,極大地調(diào)動教師參與工程技術(shù)實(shí)踐的積極性,同時為學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng)打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。
二、人才培養(yǎng)模式的改革
(一)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)與要求
為了適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展需求,培養(yǎng)知識、能力、素質(zhì)各方面全面發(fā)展,掌握自動化領(lǐng)域的基本理論、基本專業(yè)知識和專業(yè)技能,并能在工業(yè)企業(yè)、科研院所等部門從事有關(guān)運(yùn)動控制、過程控制、制造系統(tǒng)自動化、自動化儀表和設(shè)備、機(jī)器人控制、智能監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、智能交通、智能建筑、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等方面的工程設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)開發(fā)、系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行管理和維護(hù)、企業(yè)管理與決策、科學(xué)研究和教學(xué)等工作的寬口徑、高素質(zhì)、復(fù)合型的自動化工程科技人才。
畢業(yè)生主要學(xué)習(xí)自動化領(lǐng)域的基本理論和基礎(chǔ)知識,接受自動化領(lǐng)域的基本方法及解決實(shí)際工程問題等方面的基本訓(xùn)練,具有自動化工程設(shè)計(jì)與研究方面的基本能力。掌握本專業(yè)中“信息、控制和系統(tǒng)”的基本原理,掌握信息處理的基本方法和優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)的基本原理;掌握工程控制系統(tǒng)分析和設(shè)計(jì)的一般方法,具有較熟悉地解決工程現(xiàn)場一般控制系統(tǒng)問題的能力等。
由于高校辦學(xué)規(guī)模也在不斷地擴(kuò)大,桂林理工大學(xué)博文管理學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)分為三個不同的專業(yè)方向,分別是工業(yè)自動化方向、自動控制方向、測控技術(shù)方向,不管學(xué)生選擇的是哪一個專業(yè)方向,畢業(yè)要求達(dá)到的最低學(xué)分為190學(xué)分,其中必修課126學(xué)分、選修課18學(xué)分(公共選修課8學(xué)分、專業(yè)選修課10學(xué)分、實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)46學(xué)分。
(二)教學(xué)方法
獨(dú)立學(xué)院的教學(xué)方法大都采用傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法和現(xiàn)代多媒體技術(shù)相結(jié)合的教學(xué)方法,多媒體技術(shù)教學(xué)所承載的教學(xué)信息資源增多,學(xué)生常處于一種被動學(xué)習(xí)的狀態(tài),為了提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型工程觀念,有必要對教學(xué)方法進(jìn)行改革。比如對實(shí)踐性較強(qiáng)的課程,可采用課程小組作為載體進(jìn)行理論教學(xué)與實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué),課程結(jié)束后,除了考試外,還可以采用課程設(shè)計(jì)的形式進(jìn)行考核,將學(xué)生分成若干個小組,各小組成員根據(jù)所學(xué)的理論知識進(jìn)行收集資料、確定課程設(shè)計(jì)題目、原理圖的設(shè)計(jì)、元器件的購買、實(shí)物的制作、系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試與測試等,一系列工作都由小組成員獨(dú)立完成,這樣不僅可以增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對理論知識的理解能力,也可以鍛煉學(xué)生的實(shí)踐操作能力,有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的工程創(chuàng)新觀念。另外,對自動化專業(yè)的一些專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程,比如電路分析基礎(chǔ)、模擬電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、數(shù)字電路技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)等課程,可以將虛擬的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真平臺引入到授課過程中,這樣不僅可以豐富教學(xué)的內(nèi)容,也可以改變填鴨式的教學(xué)方式,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)仿真應(yīng)用方面的能力。根據(jù)學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)的不同和未來職業(yè)規(guī)劃的不同,鼓勵教師采取不同的教學(xué)方式,比如小組教學(xué)、項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法、模擬教學(xué)法、實(shí)例教學(xué)法等多種教學(xué)方法。
(三)學(xué)術(shù)活動
為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的工程創(chuàng)新意識,可以聘請專家、高級工程師或海外高級人才,以學(xué)術(shù)講座的或全院選修課的形式給學(xué)生介紹自動化專業(yè)研究的主要內(nèi)容、未來的發(fā)展方向、現(xiàn)階段的新技術(shù)和出現(xiàn)的新問題、自動化專業(yè)就業(yè)的動態(tài)信息等,使學(xué)生了解專業(yè)的研究領(lǐng)域的科技動態(tài),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識,從而更好地確定自己未來的職業(yè)生涯。
三、實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)建設(shè)
實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)是培養(yǎng)自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型工程人才極其重要的一個環(huán)節(jié),目前桂林理工大學(xué)博文管理學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)的所設(shè)置的主要實(shí)踐課程有:金工實(shí)習(xí)、電子工藝實(shí)習(xí)、電子電路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)習(xí)、電氣控制系統(tǒng)實(shí)習(xí)、微機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)實(shí)習(xí)、過程控制工程實(shí)習(xí)、生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)等。以培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型工程專業(yè)技術(shù)人才為目標(biāo)的獨(dú)立本科院校應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐教學(xué)的力度,從以下三個方面來提高學(xué)生的實(shí)踐和創(chuàng)新能力。
(一)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與“產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研”相結(jié)合的實(shí)踐模式
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生工程觀念一個非常重要的途徑,可以鼓勵學(xué)生到企業(yè)去調(diào)研,深入社會,了解社會對人才的需求,并鼓勵學(xué)生充分利用老師或自己的社會資源,積極開展畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)“產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研”實(shí)踐模式。桂林理工大學(xué)博文管理學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)老師由一些教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、工程實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老師來擔(dān)當(dāng),他們布置給學(xué)生的題目一般都是與工程實(shí)踐緊密相關(guān)的科研前沿?zé)狳c(diǎn)問題,這使得學(xué)生查找資料、方案設(shè)計(jì)、代碼編寫、實(shí)物的制作、系統(tǒng)測試與調(diào)試等各方面能力得到大幅度的提升。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)對學(xué)生工程實(shí)踐能力的鍛煉的效果是非常顯著的。
(二)加大對學(xué)生科研項(xiàng)目的支持與普及范圍
大學(xué)生的科研項(xiàng)目有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新工程觀念,近年來,在國家和自治區(qū)的大力支持下,大學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目以及科技活動備受高等學(xué)校的青睞,桂林理工大學(xué)博文管理學(xué)院在全國性的“自治區(qū)創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目征集活動”、“大學(xué)生挑戰(zhàn)者杯”競賽、“飛思卡爾杯全國大學(xué)生智能車競賽”、“藍(lán)橋杯”軟件設(shè)計(jì)大賽等活動均取得了優(yōu)異的成績。這些活動雖然能夠大大提高參賽選手的實(shí)踐動手能力和工程應(yīng)用等各方面的能力,但是受益的學(xué)生人數(shù)不多,為了更好地培養(yǎng)自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型人才,獨(dú)立學(xué)院可以與兄弟學(xué)院以院、系開展此類的科研與創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目。
(三)強(qiáng)化實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),建立開放性的實(shí)踐平臺
加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的實(shí)驗(yàn)與實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)是培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型工程人才的基礎(chǔ)。自動化專業(yè)是一個實(shí)踐性較強(qiáng)的專業(yè),強(qiáng)化實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)對于學(xué)生動手能力的培養(yǎng)、創(chuàng)新觀念、工程項(xiàng)目理念有很大的促進(jìn)作用。獨(dú)立學(xué)院的教師在設(shè)置實(shí)踐教學(xué)內(nèi)容時應(yīng)減少驗(yàn)證性內(nèi)容,增加創(chuàng)新性、設(shè)計(jì)性、工程性內(nèi)容。為了更好地服務(wù)學(xué)生,鼓勵青年教師有計(jì)劃地去企業(yè)鍛煉,將理論融于實(shí)踐,提高自身的動手能力。另外,建立開放性的實(shí)踐平臺為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造了良好的學(xué)習(xí)和科研開發(fā)環(huán)境,可以極大地改善學(xué)生的實(shí)習(xí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)和科研等條件。
獨(dú)立學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型工程人才的培養(yǎng)是一項(xiàng)有意義且較為復(fù)雜的工程,通過師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)、人才培養(yǎng)模式的改革、實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)建設(shè)等三方面措施的實(shí)施, 構(gòu)建獨(dú)立學(xué)院自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型工程人才培養(yǎng)體系,從而提高獨(dú)立院校的辦學(xué)質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)畢業(yè)生在社會中的就業(yè)優(yōu)勢,培養(yǎng)出適應(yīng)新時期社會發(fā)展所需要的人才,為社會發(fā)展作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]謝東,施金良,王敏.西部高校自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)模式的探討與實(shí)踐[J].中國電力教育,2008(11)
[2]周開揚(yáng).獨(dú)立學(xué)院人才培養(yǎng)模式改革的實(shí)踐與探索[J].中國大學(xué)教學(xué),2010(10)
[3]何小其,馬修水,關(guān)宏偉,宋執(zhí)環(huán).自動化專業(yè)應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)方案改革初探[J].巢湖學(xué)院學(xué)報,2010(12)
[4]王安娜.新建本科院校自動化專業(yè)創(chuàng)新型工程人才培養(yǎng)實(shí)踐[J].西安文理學(xué)院學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版),2010(10)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)環(huán)節(jié)是高職院實(shí)現(xiàn)人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)極為重要的綜合性實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識分析解決實(shí)際問題能力、增強(qiáng)學(xué)生專業(yè)工作能力、培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神、進(jìn)一步提高綜合素質(zhì)的有效教學(xué)手段。
近年來就業(yè)形勢日益嚴(yán)峻、高等職業(yè)教育規(guī)模的擴(kuò)張,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間又恰逢學(xué)生尋找工作等諸多客觀因素的影響,使得畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)出現(xiàn)了很多質(zhì)量問題。具體表現(xiàn)在:(1)大部分學(xué)生對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)不重視,不能處理好畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、頂崗實(shí)習(xí)與就業(yè)的關(guān)系;(2)學(xué)生缺乏學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的基本素養(yǎng),缺乏資料查閱、整理、分析、歸納、檢索等獲取信息的能力;(3)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程流于形式,理論與實(shí)踐脫節(jié),有些學(xué)生僅僅依賴于教材、資料的理論知識拼湊論文,對于自己的設(shè)計(jì)沒有通過實(shí)踐驗(yàn)證,紙上談兵多,實(shí)際動手少。最終創(chuàng)作的畢業(yè)論文很難有實(shí)際的應(yīng)用價值。(4)成績評定不能完全做到公正客觀。學(xué)生論文抄襲原始資料現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,有些學(xué)生在最后答辯環(huán)節(jié)明顯缺乏對所做內(nèi)容的理解和把握。那么,如何改革畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)質(zhì)量,達(dá)到高職教育人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的要求?我結(jié)合機(jī)電專業(yè)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的探索與實(shí)踐談?wù)務(wù)J識。
一、提前做好畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備工作
1.時間上的調(diào)整。指導(dǎo)老師提前在第四學(xué)期期末考試結(jié)束就與學(xué)生見面,布置題目,下達(dá)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。一方面使學(xué)生盡快了解課題的類型和方向,另一方面便于教師提前了解學(xué)生的情況,如專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)情況、個人發(fā)展方向,等等,從而能夠合理地安排設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。另外,安排學(xué)生利用暑假,對機(jī)械制圖、計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖、電路分析、單片機(jī)、電氣控制與PLC、氣壓傳動等畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)專業(yè)知識內(nèi)容進(jìn)行重新溫習(xí),并要求學(xué)生完成課題資料查詢、研究方案的確立等工作,為第五學(xué)期畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的順利進(jìn)行做好知識上的準(zhǔn)備。第五學(xué)期第十一周起進(jìn)入畢業(yè)綜合實(shí)訓(xùn)環(huán)節(jié),主要是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和赴企業(yè)進(jìn)行頂崗實(shí)習(xí),第十一周起有計(jì)劃地在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容予以進(jìn)一步完善,第五學(xué)期不進(jìn)行答辯,待頂崗實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束后,第六學(xué)期再回學(xué)校參加答辯。
2.指導(dǎo)教師充分準(zhǔn)備,試做課題。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,指導(dǎo)教師準(zhǔn)備得是否充分,將直接決定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的高低。教師除應(yīng)認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題和任務(wù)書外,還需對課題進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的試做。通過企業(yè)調(diào)研和分析,得到企業(yè)中機(jī)電應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)崗位典型工作過程,明確產(chǎn)品功能、準(zhǔn)備技術(shù)器件資料、硬件設(shè)計(jì)、硬件制作、軟件設(shè)計(jì)、軟硬件聯(lián)調(diào)、產(chǎn)品制作、產(chǎn)品測試。通過試做課題,教師能更好地把握課題的難度和工作量,科學(xué)地預(yù)測學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)各個階段可能出現(xiàn)的問題,從而能夠根據(jù)學(xué)生的具體情況合理地分配設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。
3.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目提前滲透至相關(guān)課程學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中,為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的完成打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)綜合性的實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié),一個優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)離不開專業(yè)知識的支撐。因此,專業(yè)課程的學(xué)習(xí)尤為重要。在課程學(xué)習(xí)過程中將畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題滲透進(jìn)課堂,讓學(xué)生帶著問題去學(xué),這樣可以激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的欲望,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。同時也為大三學(xué)生順利地完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。以“單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)”課程教學(xué)為例,本課程以智能運(yùn)動小車作為教學(xué)內(nèi)容載體,該教學(xué)載體以單片機(jī)作為控制核心,包括運(yùn)動控制系統(tǒng)、顯示系統(tǒng)、智能感應(yīng)系統(tǒng),等等。通過這一載體將單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)中的各種能力貫穿始終。由于智能運(yùn)動小車的功能具有很強(qiáng)的擴(kuò)展性,完全可以作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題進(jìn)行綜合的設(shè)計(jì)和研究,因此在課程教學(xué)過程中要有意識地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的設(shè)計(jì)意識和思路。
當(dāng)然,在課程學(xué)習(xí)過程中,學(xué)生可以根據(jù)自己的專業(yè)興趣在保證課程合格的前提下有側(cè)重地加強(qiáng)某門課程或者某幾門課程的學(xué)習(xí),在此過程中專業(yè)老師可以了解學(xué)生的具體情況以便于今后畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的分組和選題工作能有實(shí)效地開展。
二、立足實(shí)際,科學(xué)選題
1.以就業(yè)為導(dǎo)向,從實(shí)際出發(fā),選擇不同的課題。課題必須圍繞專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),符合專業(yè)崗位能力要求,具有較高的應(yīng)用性。目前,機(jī)電一體化專業(yè)就業(yè)崗位的需求有三個方向:機(jī)電一體化設(shè)備制造與維修、機(jī)床數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用、自動機(jī)(線)的運(yùn)行與維修。要按照不同的專業(yè)化方向,確定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題,對于機(jī)電一體化設(shè)備制造與維修方向,課題方向重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在機(jī)械方面,加強(qiáng)鉗工與電工電子訓(xùn)練;對于機(jī)床數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用方向,應(yīng)增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的車工實(shí)習(xí)及數(shù)控機(jī)床編程與操作能力;對于自動機(jī)(線)的運(yùn)行與維修方向,應(yīng)向電的方面適當(dāng)偏移,加強(qiáng)電工及單片機(jī)與可編程控制器訓(xùn)練。我校機(jī)電一體化專業(yè)定向于自動生產(chǎn)線的運(yùn)行與維修方向,在確定畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題時,結(jié)合制造業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,選擇那些圍繞機(jī)電一體化進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品開發(fā)或把微電子技術(shù)用于設(shè)計(jì)、制造、測試和研究等方面的題目,例如單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、工業(yè)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)分析、可編程控制器(PLC)技術(shù)及應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì),等等。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的選題要堅(jiān)持理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的原則。課題的選定要結(jié)合目前專業(yè)的實(shí)際設(shè)備,立足實(shí)際,避免脫離實(shí)踐的純理論性的題目。我校機(jī)電一體化專業(yè)目前已經(jīng)擁有較先進(jìn)的PLC實(shí)訓(xùn)裝置、氣動實(shí)訓(xùn)裝置、機(jī)電檢測實(shí)訓(xùn)平臺、單片機(jī)實(shí)訓(xùn)設(shè)備、自動生產(chǎn)線訓(xùn)練裝置、機(jī)電一體化實(shí)訓(xùn)裝置,等等。因此,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的選題應(yīng)考慮到我們現(xiàn)有的實(shí)訓(xùn)設(shè)備,為學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)施提供良好的硬件環(huán)境。只有結(jié)合實(shí)際“真題實(shí)做”,才能培養(yǎng)出創(chuàng)新型、實(shí)用型人才。當(dāng)然,在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間已經(jīng)開始頂崗實(shí)習(xí)的同學(xué),可以結(jié)合生產(chǎn)崗位選擇畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目。應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生結(jié)合崗位實(shí)踐內(nèi)容選擇畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(或論文)課題,但必須有企業(yè)專人指導(dǎo)并報學(xué)院批準(zhǔn)。
3.通過各類技能大賽的鍛煉和滲透,以學(xué)生興趣為中心進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題,可以廣泛發(fā)掘?qū)W生的創(chuàng)造力,選題更具有可行性。專業(yè)老師組織學(xué)生參加院內(nèi)外的各類技能大賽,將技能競賽與教學(xué)改革相結(jié)合。比如機(jī)器人大賽,結(jié)合單片機(jī)課程的學(xué)習(xí),選擇一個機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目,等等。我校目前已經(jīng)成功舉行了智能搬運(yùn)機(jī)器人比賽,模擬了工業(yè)自動化過程中自動化物流系統(tǒng)實(shí)際工作過程。設(shè)計(jì)一個輪式或人形小型機(jī)器人,在比賽場地里移動,將不同顏色、形狀或者材質(zhì)的物體分類搬運(yùn)到不同的對應(yīng)位置。比賽的記分根據(jù)機(jī)器人將物體放置的位置精度和完成時間來決定。又如“自動線安裝與調(diào)試”技能大賽,參賽隊(duì)在規(guī)定時間內(nèi),根據(jù)任務(wù)書的要求,以現(xiàn)場操作“***自動生產(chǎn)線實(shí)訓(xùn)考核裝置”的方式,完成自動生產(chǎn)線設(shè)備部分工作單元的機(jī)械安裝和調(diào)整,氣動回路的安裝、連接和調(diào)整,電氣控制電路的設(shè)計(jì)、安裝和布線,傳感器安裝與調(diào)整,PLC編程,人機(jī)界面組態(tài),電機(jī)驅(qū)動(含變頻器及對應(yīng)電機(jī)、伺服驅(qū)動器及伺服電機(jī))參數(shù)設(shè)定,以及系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)調(diào)、運(yùn)行等工作。我們通過大賽的鍛煉,激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,開闊了學(xué)生視野,豐富了學(xué)生知識,提高了學(xué)生的綜合素質(zhì)與能力,培養(yǎng)了其團(tuán)隊(duì)意識與合作精神。參加技能大賽的同學(xué),畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的題目可選擇大賽的某個方向展開設(shè)計(jì),并撰寫論文。通過技能大賽的鍛煉和滲透,不僅可以提高學(xué)生的設(shè)計(jì)興趣,而且能為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的順利完成奠定扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。
三、加強(qiáng)過程指導(dǎo)和管理,嚴(yán)格考核制度
對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全過程實(shí)施質(zhì)量監(jiān)控是提高質(zhì)量的保證。加強(qiáng)過程考核,量化畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)平時成績的評定。表1為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)總評成績評定參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。總評成績由指導(dǎo)教師考核成績(40%)、作品(成果)鑒定成績(20%)、論文評閱成績(20%)、設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯成績(20%)四大部分組成。指導(dǎo)老師考核成績由指導(dǎo)老師評定,其余三項(xiàng)成績由相應(yīng)的評審組老師評定。
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實(shí)施周檢查制度,要求學(xué)生每周以幻燈片形式進(jìn)行匯報。匯報的主要內(nèi)容是本周所做的主要工作、遇到的主要問題、問題的解決方法及心得體會等。匯報過程中,指導(dǎo)老師做好記錄,填寫《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)工作記錄本》,對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)工作進(jìn)行實(shí)時記載,學(xué)生匯報完畢后,指導(dǎo)教師綜合各位學(xué)生的情況加以總結(jié),并就學(xué)生所提出的問題加以解釋與指導(dǎo)。周檢查制度作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)平時成績評定的重要依據(jù)。同時,學(xué)生隨時寫好《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)日志》,內(nèi)容與教師的《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)工作記錄本》相配套。這樣,教師與學(xué)生交流緊密,雙向監(jiān)督,有利于加強(qiáng)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作的全過程指導(dǎo)與管理。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)作品或成果可以是程序、實(shí)物、現(xiàn)象、方案等可以表現(xiàn)畢業(yè)課題成果的東西。讓作品成為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容,并在總評成績中占有一定比例。
對學(xué)生數(shù)集中的個別單位,因崗位需要無法回校參加答辯的由單位出具證明,學(xué)院安排老師到企業(yè)答辯。嚴(yán)格的答辯將有利于學(xué)生樹立良好的學(xué)風(fēng),促進(jìn)學(xué)生認(rèn)真做好畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。正確認(rèn)識畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的重要性將有利于保障和提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
表1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)總評成績評定參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
另外,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間,指導(dǎo)老師要為學(xué)生進(jìn)行資料查閱、文獻(xiàn)檢索、論文寫作能力的培訓(xùn),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的基本素養(yǎng)。當(dāng)然,在整個畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)過程中,要把學(xué)術(shù)道德教育和思想教育工作貫穿始終,加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的誠信教育,在處于即將走上工作崗位的過渡階段,幫助學(xué)生樹立良好的心態(tài),促進(jìn)畢業(yè)生克服不利情緒的同時順利完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。這種關(guān)心和指導(dǎo)可在每周進(jìn)行檢查時多與學(xué)生交流,也鼓勵學(xué)生之間的交流。
四、嘗試畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與頂崗實(shí)習(xí)一體化改革方案
學(xué)生可選擇到企業(yè)頂崗實(shí)習(xí)期間開展畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),將畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、頂崗實(shí)習(xí)有機(jī)結(jié)合。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在頂崗實(shí)習(xí)的過程中,同時完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)。鼓勵學(xué)生在頂崗實(shí)習(xí)期間,從事與專業(yè)對口的頂崗實(shí)習(xí)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的畢業(yè)課題設(shè)計(jì)。學(xué)生帶著畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)進(jìn)行頂崗實(shí)習(xí),不論是操作控制、質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)還是裝配、測試崗位,都能愛崗敬業(yè),并隨時記錄,在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中收集自己畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)所需的資料和數(shù)據(jù)。這樣最終必然將以較高的質(zhì)量完成頂崗實(shí)習(xí)和畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。若能取得優(yōu)異的成績,則被企業(yè)接收,順利就業(yè)。這樣拓寬了就業(yè)渠道,增加了就業(yè)的機(jī)會。這種一體化的教學(xué)模式體現(xiàn)了工學(xué)結(jié)合、產(chǎn)學(xué)一體的職教模式。
當(dāng)然,要想使這種一體化的教學(xué)模式取得良好的效果,校企雙方應(yīng)該共同指導(dǎo)、共同管理。每個學(xué)生都必須由校內(nèi)專業(yè)教師和企業(yè)指導(dǎo)老師共同指導(dǎo)。校內(nèi)老師可制定一個詳細(xì)可行的計(jì)劃和階段性的目標(biāo),督查畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)展情況,指導(dǎo)論文寫作的規(guī)范,并協(xié)助解決理論問題,定期與學(xué)生溝通,溝通方式可以多樣化,比如:電話、QQ、Email,等等。企業(yè)指導(dǎo)老師負(fù)責(zé)從單位的實(shí)際出發(fā),現(xiàn)場指導(dǎo)、規(guī)范操作、分析故障并解決問題。
五、結(jié)語
以上改革措施已在機(jī)電專業(yè)08級畢業(yè)生中進(jìn)行了實(shí)踐,經(jīng)實(shí)踐證明這些策略能充分調(diào)動學(xué)生的積極性和參與性,提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量。當(dāng)然,如何提高高職畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量,是牽涉多個因素的綜合課題,需要我們不斷實(shí)踐、不斷總結(jié),完善質(zhì)量控制措施,使畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)真正成為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神、職業(yè)素質(zhì)和綜合實(shí)踐能力的重要途徑。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]姜亦祥.淺談加強(qiáng)機(jī)電一體化專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)教學(xué)的措施[J].成才之路,2009,(21):79-80.
中圖分類號:TP273 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
1 概述
PROFIBUS(PROCESS FIELD-BUS)誕生于1987年,1989年被立項(xiàng)為德國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DIN19245、91、92、93、95年,PROFIBUS-FMS(DIN 19245,第1,2部分)-DP(DINl9245,第3部分)和-PA(DINl9245,第4部分)先后被批準(zhǔn)實(shí)施。1996年3月,PROFIBUS被CENELEC-歐洲電工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會批準(zhǔn)為歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN50170(第2卷)。它以每年20-30%的驚人速度發(fā)展,目前全世界PROFIBUS設(shè)備安裝總數(shù)已達(dá)200多萬臺,由200多家企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的PROFIBUS產(chǎn)品已達(dá)1600多種以上,應(yīng)用實(shí)例多達(dá)20多萬個,總投資達(dá)45億多美元。在我國,相應(yīng)的組織機(jī)構(gòu)是CPO-China PROFIBUS Organization,成立于1997年7月3日。國內(nèi)為數(shù)眾多的企業(yè)運(yùn)用PROFIBUS-DP成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了從食品、機(jī)械、樓宇、煙草、鋼鐵、電站直至環(huán)保工程的自動化,并取得了明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
在現(xiàn)場級(Field Level)的現(xiàn)場設(shè)備與控制室內(nèi)的自控裝置之間進(jìn)行的串行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通訊的數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng),稱為現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)(Fieldbus Systems)。現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)推動了現(xiàn)場智能設(shè)備和智能儀表的發(fā)展,使傳統(tǒng)DCS系統(tǒng)和PLC系統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)場總線融合于一體,不僅形成了一個信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、全集成自動化系統(tǒng),還推動了以現(xiàn)場設(shè)備為基礎(chǔ)形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)集成式全分布控制系統(tǒng) FCS 的出現(xiàn)、發(fā)展和廣泛應(yīng)用。目前在全球范圍內(nèi)被廣泛認(rèn)可的現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)包括:PROFIBUS、FF、ControlNet、PROFINET、PNET等十大總線系統(tǒng)。
2 PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線的自動化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)
2.1PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線通訊協(xié)議
PROFIBUS協(xié)議滿足ISO/OSI網(wǎng)絡(luò)化參考模型對開放性現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)的要求,構(gòu)成從傳感器/執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場級、單元級直至管理級的透明的通訊系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)EN50170,它有三個成員或三種類型,即FMS、DP、PA,分別適用于不同的領(lǐng)域,這三種類型均使用統(tǒng)一的總線訪問協(xié)議。
1.PROFIBUS DP:在參考模型中,使用第1、2層和用戶層。主站和從站之間采用輪循的通訊方式,主要應(yīng)用于工廠與樓宇自動化中場級之間的高速數(shù)據(jù)通訊。
2.PROFIBUS PA:電源和通信數(shù)據(jù)通過總線并行傳輸,主要用于面向過程自動化系統(tǒng)中本質(zhì)安全要求的放爆場合,是PROFIBUS-DP向現(xiàn)場的延伸。
3.PROFIBUS FMS:使用參考模型中的第1、第2和第7層,定義了主站和主站之間的通訊模型,主要用于自動化系統(tǒng)中系統(tǒng)級和車間級的過程數(shù)據(jù)交換,可提供34種FMS服務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)對變量的訪問、程序調(diào)用和運(yùn)行控制及事件管理等。
2.2PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線的自動化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)
PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線的控制系統(tǒng)分成現(xiàn)場控制層、監(jiān)控層和企業(yè)管理層三層。
2.2.1 現(xiàn)場控制層
現(xiàn)場控制層由現(xiàn)場智能設(shè)備、現(xiàn)場智能儀表、遠(yuǎn)程I/O 和網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)場控制涉及PROFIBUS 協(xié)議PROFIBUS-DP 和PROFIBUS-PA 兩個部分。
(1)PROFIBUS-DP 是高速網(wǎng)絡(luò),通訊速率達(dá)到12M。PROFIBUS-DP 可以連接遠(yuǎn)程I/O、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、智能馬達(dá)控制器、人機(jī)界面HMI、閥門定位器、變頻器等智能設(shè)備, 一條PROFIBUS-DP 總線可以最多連接123 個從站設(shè)備。PROFIBUS-DP 的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)可以是總線型、星型和樹型,通訊介質(zhì)可以是屏蔽雙絞線、光纖,也支持紅外傳輸,采用雙絞線時,不加中繼器最遠(yuǎn)通訊距離可達(dá)1.2 公里,最多可以采用9 個中繼器,最遠(yuǎn)通訊距離可達(dá)9 公里。采用光纖時,最遠(yuǎn)通訊距離可達(dá)100 公里以上,其中采用多膜光纖,兩點(diǎn)間最遠(yuǎn)距離可達(dá)3 公里,采用單膜光纖時,兩點(diǎn)間最遠(yuǎn)距離可達(dá)3 公里。
(2) PROFIBUS-PA 是低速現(xiàn)場級網(wǎng)絡(luò),通訊速率為31.25kb/s,支持點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)連接、總線型、混合型、樹型拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。PROFIBUS-PA 主要用于連接現(xiàn)場智能儀表,如壓力、溫度、液位、流量等變送器及其執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)等。可以采用屏蔽雙絞線電纜,也可采用非屏蔽雙絞線電纜,可通過總線供電。
2.2.2監(jiān)控層
監(jiān)控層由高速工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)以及連接在總線上的擔(dān)任監(jiān)控作務(wù)的工作站或顯示操作站、工程師站、PLC/DCS 控制器組成。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)的通訊速率也在不斷提高,目前工業(yè)級的千兆以太網(wǎng)已經(jīng)在工業(yè)自動化領(lǐng)域大量應(yīng)用。
2.2.3企業(yè)管理層
企業(yè)管理層由各種服務(wù)器和客戶機(jī)組成,主要由SIS、MIS 和ERP 系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。其主要目的是在分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下,將各工藝段(例如DCS 系統(tǒng)、輔助程控系統(tǒng)等)的數(shù)據(jù)和信息(如過程數(shù)據(jù)、報警信息和設(shè)備狀態(tài)等)進(jìn)行匯總,從而集成企業(yè)的各種信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)與Internet 的連接,完成管理、決策和商務(wù)應(yīng)用的各種功能。通過管理層,公司和集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)可以實(shí)時監(jiān)控現(xiàn)場設(shè)備,并通過授權(quán)還可以對各系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行組態(tài)。
3 PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
3.1開放性
PROFIBUS 是一個完全開放的、與制造商無關(guān)的、無知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的現(xiàn)場總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn),全球有超過250 家公司可以生產(chǎn)超過2000 種支持PROFIBUS 的系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備。PROFIBUS 的開放性保證了不同制造廠商的產(chǎn)品的互連。例如西門子公司的DCS 或PLC 可以通過PROFIBUS 連接第三方的遠(yuǎn)程I/O、智能設(shè)備和儀表,這些連接只需要產(chǎn)品制造商提供相應(yīng)的GSD文件或EDD 文件,然后進(jìn)行簡單組態(tài)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。目前國際知名的自動化系統(tǒng)制造商如:SIEMENS、ABB、EMERSON、FOXBORO 等和知名的儀表制造商如:SIEMENS、EMERSON 等都可以提供豐富的支持PROFIBUS 的產(chǎn)品。知名的PLC 品牌如:SIEMENS、MODICON、AB 也都支持PROFIBUS 總線。
3.2可靠性
PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線已安裝運(yùn)行節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)超過1000 萬個,大大高于其它現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng),它是IEC61158 的重要組成部分,并于2001 年成為中國的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)JB/T 10308.3-2001。PROFIBUS 的可靠性表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
1.PROFIBUS 總線上的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸是完全基于數(shù)字信號實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這樣可以大幅提高信號傳輸過程中的抗干擾能力。
2.采用PROFIBUS 總線直接連接現(xiàn)場智能設(shè)備,可以減少大量接線點(diǎn),減少了由于接線不牢或接線不規(guī)范引起的故障。
3.PROFIBUS 連接智能設(shè)備,減少了A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換的環(huán)節(jié),提高了自動化系統(tǒng)的采集精度,為精確控制提供保障。
4.PROFIBUS 上各設(shè)備的連接非常簡單,并可以通過專用剝線工具和PROFIBUS 接頭,減少接線風(fēng)險;同時PROFIBUS 接頭可以保證總線上任何一個節(jié)點(diǎn)故障不影響系統(tǒng)通訊。
5.支持冗余總線系統(tǒng),提高系統(tǒng)可靠性。
3.3擴(kuò)展靈活
采用PROFIBUS 總線結(jié)構(gòu)的控制系統(tǒng),擴(kuò)展非常方便靈活,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
1.拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)靈活,可以支持總線型、星型、樹型、冗余環(huán)型等多種拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。
2.支持光纖和雙絞線作為通訊介質(zhì),采用多模光纖時,兩個光電模塊間的距離可達(dá)3KM,采用單模光纖時,兩個光電模塊間的距離可達(dá)26KM;采用雙絞線不加中繼的最遠(yuǎn)通訊距離可達(dá)1KM,采用中繼時最遠(yuǎn)可達(dá)9KM。
3.一條PROFIBUS-DP 總線最多可以連接123個DP從站,所有滿足PROFIBUS-DP通訊規(guī)約的設(shè)備都可以連接到系統(tǒng)中。目前全球有超過1200 家公司可以生產(chǎn)超過2000 種支持PROFIBUS 的產(chǎn)品,因此具有很強(qiáng)的開放性和可擴(kuò)展性。
4.提供多種接口設(shè)備,用于將冗余DP總線轉(zhuǎn)換成單DP總線和將冗余DP總線轉(zhuǎn)換成PA總線,可以將DP 總線轉(zhuǎn)換成Asi 總線等,非常便于擴(kuò)展。
5.PROFIBUS 同時可以支持PROFIsafe 協(xié)議,一條總線上既可以傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)字信號,也可以同時傳輸故障安全的信號。
6.提供可用于危險領(lǐng)域的接口模塊,可以支持在危險區(qū)域的應(yīng)用。
3.4實(shí)時性
采用PROFIBUS 總線的系統(tǒng)具有很高的實(shí)時性,這是由PROFIBUS 總線系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率高所決定的。PROFIBUS-DP 總線的傳輸速率可達(dá)12M,是目前通訊速率最高的現(xiàn)場總線。
3.4.1PROFIBUS-DP 總線的響應(yīng)時間
計(jì)算PROFIBUS-DP 總線的響應(yīng)時間可以按下面的計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算:
t Cycle_DP = (317 x (nSlaves) + 11 x (nBytes) ) x Tbit
317 是一個常數(shù),表示一個DP 從站建立通訊連接所需的數(shù)據(jù)位;
第一個N 表示整個PROFIBUS-DP 總線上的從站數(shù)量;
第二個N 表示整個PROFIBUS-DP 總線上傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)總數(shù),單位為字節(jié)。
如果總線系統(tǒng)中還有PA 總線,則PA 總線的響應(yīng)時間為:
t Cycle_PA-channel = (317 x (nSlaves) + 8 x (nBytes) ) x Tbit
整個PROFIBUS-DP 系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)時間為:
t Cycle = t Cycle_PA-channel + t Cycle_DP + t Acylic
3.4.2PROFIBUS 總線系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時性
從上面的公式可以看到,一個典型的通過PA 總線連接的智能儀表的響應(yīng)時間為10ms;
一個典型的通過PA 總線連接的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的響應(yīng)時間為15ms;
一個PROFIBUS-DP 從站的響應(yīng)時間
4 PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)
4.1進(jìn)行PROFIBUS 網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)需考慮的問題:
1.需要什么樣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能
2.是否用于過程自動化
3.是否需要安全協(xié)議
4.是否通過總線連接驅(qū)動設(shè)備等
5.是采用4-20 mA, 4-20mA/HART? 還是采用數(shù)字設(shè)備
6.通過PA 還是通過DP 連接
7.用于安全領(lǐng)域還是危險區(qū)域
8.現(xiàn)場需要多長的電纜,長度限制是多少
9.需要哪些過程數(shù)據(jù)(是否需要設(shè)備狀態(tài)信息
10.需要什么樣的DP主站接口,接口有什么樣的限制
11.DP 從站有什么樣的限制
12.要求的網(wǎng)絡(luò)響應(yīng)時間是多少
13.DP 響應(yīng)時間
14.PA 響應(yīng)時間
4.2系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案的制定
4.2.1根據(jù)用戶的需求制定方案
當(dāng)用戶的要求清楚之后,就可以根據(jù)用戶的需求設(shè)計(jì)一套適用的解決方案。以油田地下水處理程控系統(tǒng)為例來簡單說明。
油田地下水處理系統(tǒng)由預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)、化學(xué)處理系統(tǒng)、物理氧化系統(tǒng)、酸堿系統(tǒng)等構(gòu)成,主要工藝設(shè)備包括降溫塔、多級分理罐、氧化池、酸堿池、風(fēng)機(jī)、水泵、交換器等,主要測量儀表包括溫度變送器、壓力變送器、差壓變送器、液位計(jì)、流量計(jì)、酸度計(jì)、堿度計(jì)、硅表、鈉表、濁度計(jì)等;另外還有大量的氣動隔膜閥、電機(jī)等。對于這樣的系統(tǒng),我們可以采用PROFIBUS 總線來完成監(jiān)控任務(wù)。
用遠(yuǎn)程I/O 加智能DP/PA 儀表的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)時,采用IP65/67 防護(hù)等級的ET200X 遠(yuǎn)程I/O 采集過程及設(shè)備的參數(shù),把ET200X 直接安裝在現(xiàn)場,同時ET200X 提供模塊化的交換器閥模塊和馬達(dá)模塊,集中監(jiān)控氣動隔膜閥、交換器和小電機(jī)(3KW)。其他的風(fēng)機(jī)、泵機(jī)、通過SIMOCODE 連接到PROFIBUS-DP。所有的儀表(溫度傳感器除外)都通過DP 或PA 總線連接到系統(tǒng)中。
4.2.2 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)
根據(jù)上述分析考慮設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示:
4.2.3系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
采用PROFIBUS-DP 的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡潔,并具有以下特點(diǎn):
(1) 設(shè)備狀態(tài)信息監(jiān)視;
(2) 基于設(shè)備狀態(tài)的檢修;
(3) 儀表控制室集中校驗(yàn);
(4) 采用智能馬達(dá)控制器,簡化電控柜接線,并可監(jiān)控電機(jī)啟停次數(shù);
(5) 節(jié)省大量電纜;
(6) 真正分布式控制;
(7) 采用閥島模塊可以實(shí)現(xiàn)氣動革膜閥的集中控制,節(jié)約壓縮空氣;
(8) 縮短安裝周期,提前投入運(yùn)行等。
5 PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀分析及發(fā)展前景
5.1應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
PROFIBUS-DP 是由國際知名的自動化公司,如:SIEMENS、ABB 等公司研發(fā)的,完全是為了滿足工業(yè)自動化領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng),并且在各行業(yè)特別是冶金、石化、市政等行業(yè)都有很多應(yīng)用。對一個自動化程度非常高的行業(yè),如主機(jī)DCS 系統(tǒng)、脫硫DCS 系統(tǒng)以及主要輔機(jī)程控系統(tǒng),這些系統(tǒng)都存在可靠性要求高、監(jiān)控設(shè)備和對象多而復(fù)雜、實(shí)時性要求高等特點(diǎn)。特別是主機(jī)DCS 系統(tǒng),涉及數(shù)百臺壓力和差壓變送器,數(shù)百臺電動或啟動執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),數(shù)百個溫度測點(diǎn),系統(tǒng)要進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的閉環(huán)控制、串級控制、三沖量控制、比率控制,要進(jìn)行設(shè)備連鎖控制,要進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的鍋爐燃燒管理、機(jī)爐協(xié)調(diào)控制。所有這些都需要有高可靠性的控制系統(tǒng)來保證整個生產(chǎn)過程的安全、穩(wěn)定、可靠運(yùn)行。隨著現(xiàn)場總線技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)以及日臻成熟和企業(yè)信息化要求的提高,基于PROFIBUS現(xiàn)場總線的控制系統(tǒng)將為各行業(yè)自動化系統(tǒng)提供更好的選擇。
目前基于現(xiàn)場總線的控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用還受到一定的制約,主要問題包括以下幾個方面:
1.支持現(xiàn)場總線的智能設(shè)備造成初期投資的提高;
2.有些設(shè)備和儀表不帶總線接口;
3.哪些設(shè)備、儀表信息可以傳送;
4.系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)如何變化,如何構(gòu)筑一個基于現(xiàn)場總線的控制系統(tǒng);
5.通訊是否可靠;
6.設(shè)備選型的局限性等。
造成硬件成本升高的主要因素是自動化系統(tǒng)設(shè)備成本提高約10%,PA儀表成本升高約10%。但是可以大幅減少電纜橋架、控制電纜等附件的費(fèi)用,同時可以大幅降低安裝施工和自控系統(tǒng)的安裝調(diào)試費(fèi)用,縮短工期。
目前帶總線接口的儀表、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、變頻器、智能馬達(dá)控制器、閥門定位器等的選用,條件已經(jīng)成熟,因?yàn)楹芏嘀膬x表、設(shè)備制造商如:SIEMENS、ABB 等都可以提供多種可供選擇的成熟的帶總線接口的系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備,價格也越來越與常規(guī)智能設(shè)備接近。而且基于HART 協(xié)議連接變送器的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)在很多自動化系統(tǒng)中獲得應(yīng)用,在集中校驗(yàn)、提高采集精度等方面取得用戶的好評。而現(xiàn)場總線是比HART 協(xié)議更全面的總線,因此具有更好的應(yīng)用前景。
5.2發(fā)展前景
對于油田的改造系統(tǒng),例如長慶油田、克拉瑪依油田等,由于存在大量采用非智能儀表和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),全面更換、更新可能性很小,對于這樣的系統(tǒng)更新,PROFIBUS現(xiàn)場總線也可以提供很好的解決方案。可以采用遠(yuǎn)程I/O 的方式,通過常規(guī)I/O 模塊采集非智能儀表的信號,然后通過PROFIBUS-DP 總線連接到中央控制器。儀表和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)可以按設(shè)備生命周期逐批更換。
可以毫不夸張地說,PROFIBUS 現(xiàn)場總線是新一代過程控制系統(tǒng)的生力軍。
參考文獻(xiàn)
摘要隨著電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,相敏軌道電路接收信號處理裝置已逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)電子化,以電子接收器代替以前的機(jī)械式二元二位繼電器,徹底解決了原繼電器接點(diǎn)卡阻、抗電氣化干擾能力不強(qiáng)、返還系數(shù)低等問題。目前廣泛使用的微電子接收器都是使用單片機(jī)來處理信息,對輸入信號采用升壓方式進(jìn)行采樣處理,雖提高了信號強(qiáng)度,但是不利于防止輸入高壓損壞接收器;且每個接收器僅采用單一信號處理通道進(jìn)行信號分析處理,并由其輸出信號驅(qū)動軌道繼電器動作,接收器的安全性、可靠性和抗干擾能力有待提高;另外,現(xiàn)有接收器故障后相關(guān)電氣參數(shù)不能實(shí)時監(jiān)測;前述不足以影響到軌道電路的整體可靠性和可用性。因此,本文提出了一種基于DSP的新型微電子接收器,以提高微電子接收器的可用性、可靠性及安全性。
關(guān)鍵詞電子技術(shù);25Hz軌道電路;接收器
1系統(tǒng)原理
1.1接收器冗余結(jié)構(gòu)
圖1新型微電子接收器(0.5+0.5方案)的冗余結(jié)構(gòu)圖
接收器的冗余結(jié)構(gòu)圖,每臺接收器同時進(jìn)行兩個軌道區(qū)段(區(qū)段A和區(qū)段B)的軌道電路信號和局部電源信號的處理,相鄰兩個軌道區(qū)段可共用兩臺接收器,這兩臺接收器中的任一正常工作,均可正常處理這兩個軌道區(qū)段信號,并驅(qū)動這兩個軌道區(qū)段的后級軌道繼電器動作。如圖1所示,相對于目前的接收器冗余方案,新型微電子接收器的冗余方案可使每個軌道區(qū)段節(jié)省一個接收器,從而降低建設(shè)成本。在接收器冗余結(jié)構(gòu)圖中,當(dāng)接收器1和接收器2中的某一個發(fā)生故障時,若另一個接收器能夠正常工作即可確保軌道區(qū)段信號的正常處理;同時可以通過接收器的自檢功能發(fā)出報警,提醒維護(hù)人員及時更換故障接收器,從而提高軌道電路的整體可用性。
1.2接收器二取二原理
接收器系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部采用獨(dú)立的雙套硬件和雙套軟件,實(shí)現(xiàn)一路信號,兩路處理,最終通過安全與門判決,輸出判決結(jié)果。當(dāng)無論是接收器哪一套硬件或軟件出現(xiàn)問題,兩路處理結(jié)果不一致時,系統(tǒng)輸出判決都是導(dǎo)向安全的結(jié)果。且僅當(dāng)兩路信號處理的結(jié)果完全一致時,安全與門輸出相同結(jié)果。
2系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成
如圖2所示,新型接收器核心處理部分采用雙DSP芯片構(gòu)成二取二安全結(jié)構(gòu)。主從DSP同時處理軌道電路信號和局部電源信號,分別輸出判決信號;將主從DSP的判決結(jié)果進(jìn)行與運(yùn)算,如果主從DSP的判決信號不一致,接收器輸出信號將保持軌道繼電器處在落下狀態(tài);只有當(dāng)主從DSP的判決信號一致且滿足軌道區(qū)段空閑條件時,接收器才會輸出驅(qū)動軌道繼電器吸起的信號,顯示軌道區(qū)段處于空閑狀態(tài);主從DSP任一故障,接收器均不能輸出驅(qū)動軌道繼電器吸起的信號,從而提高接收器安全性。
新型接收器電路模塊包括:局部輸入隔離電路、軌道輸入防雷電路、輸入信號采集電路、數(shù)據(jù)處理電路(DSP芯片)、安全與門電路、輸出控制電路、電源電路、通信電路和顯示與告警電路。
輸入隔離:采用電流互感器將軌道信號和局部信號與后級信號處理模塊進(jìn)行電磁隔離,隔離變壓器采用降壓方式,當(dāng)輸入的信號出現(xiàn)大的沖擊或干擾時,通過變壓器進(jìn)行衰減,加載在后級信號處理電路上的信號將被衰減,對后級信號處理電路起到防護(hù)作用。
軌道輸入防雷電路:采取大功率雙向瞬態(tài)防雷管,實(shí)現(xiàn)對輸入雷電和浪涌的防護(hù)。
輸入采集電路:將輸入交流信號的負(fù)半周信號抬高到零電平以上,滿足后級單電源工作運(yùn)放的輸入要求,單電源工作可減小器件功耗。
數(shù)據(jù)處理電路:把輸入的25Hz軌道和局部模擬信號通過芯片自帶的A/D模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號,對轉(zhuǎn)換后的數(shù)字信號進(jìn)行分析處理,測出軌道輸入的25Hz信號幅值及軌道信號與局部信號的相位差,在主處理器采集從處理器的輸出信號和后級輸出控制電路的輸出信號并經(jīng)其判斷接收器正常后,再由主處理器控制顯示告警電路,并由主處理器將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)通過接收器的通訊電路送監(jiān)測分機(jī)。
安全與門電路:比較主從DSP輸出信號,經(jīng)安全與門判決二者一致方能向后級輸出控制電路送出有效信號。
輸出控制電路:采用開關(guān)電源方式輸出驅(qū)動軌道繼電器的直流電壓信號。
通信電路:采用總線方式,向集中監(jiān)測分機(jī)傳送25Hz相敏軌道電路接收器采集到的軌道交流電壓值、相位角和接收器的工作狀態(tài)等信息。
顯示與告警電路:顯示接收器自身工作狀態(tài)及接收器所處理軌道區(qū)段的占用與空閑狀態(tài),顯示接收器DC24V工作電源及局部電源的正常或故障狀態(tài)。
3結(jié)束語
新型接收器將實(shí)現(xiàn)接收器工作狀態(tài)和軌道電路電氣參數(shù)的實(shí)時在線監(jiān)測,提高運(yùn)營維護(hù)效率,降低維護(hù)人員勞動強(qiáng)度,同時,根據(jù)新型25Hz相敏軌道電路接收器的功能和特點(diǎn),可減少現(xiàn)有接收器和軌道架的數(shù)量,大量地減少室內(nèi)配線,初步分析可節(jié)約建設(shè)成本約20%。
微電子畢業(yè)論文范文模板(二):微電子控制機(jī)電設(shè)備在工業(yè)中的具體應(yīng)用論文
摘要:在科學(xué)技術(shù)快速進(jìn)步的背景下,工業(yè)自動化水平取得了比較明顯的提升,在機(jī)械制造方面表現(xiàn)的更加明顯,基于各種因素的影響,微電子技術(shù)得到了相對廣泛的應(yīng)用。基于此,本文詳細(xì)分析了微電子控制機(jī)電設(shè)備在工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用,希望能夠?yàn)閷?shí)際提供良好的借鑒意義,以供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:微電子;機(jī)電設(shè)備;工業(yè);應(yīng)用探討
信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及先進(jìn)電子設(shè)備的產(chǎn)生催生了機(jī)電一體化時代的到來,所謂的機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)是把電工電子技術(shù)、機(jī)械技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)、信號變換技術(shù)等一系列技術(shù)結(jié)合,再綜合應(yīng)用于實(shí)際的綜合技術(shù),現(xiàn)代化自動生產(chǎn)設(shè)備可以說為機(jī)電一體化的設(shè)備。微型計(jì)算機(jī)在機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的作用能夠總結(jié)成如下三點(diǎn):第一,直接控制機(jī)械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程;第二,機(jī)械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)期間加強(qiáng)各物理參數(shù)的自動測試,進(jìn)行測試結(jié)果的顯示記錄,在計(jì)算、存儲、分析判定并處理測量參數(shù)或指標(biāo);第三,進(jìn)行機(jī)械生產(chǎn)過程的管理與監(jiān)督。機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)里微電子控制機(jī)電設(shè)備怎樣進(jìn)行適宜計(jì)算機(jī)選擇,怎樣設(shè)計(jì)硬件系統(tǒng),怎樣組織軟件開發(fā),怎樣對現(xiàn)有計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)等進(jìn)行維護(hù)與使用是相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵的,也是值得探索的
課題。
1微電子控制機(jī)電設(shè)備系統(tǒng)的組成和原理
在某微電子控制機(jī)電系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中,主要是由PLC、管路壓力變送器、變頻器等多種設(shè)備組成的。在控制系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中,管路壓力變送器主要是檢測控制輔助沖量、管路水壓、蒸發(fā)量等三個變量,接著將數(shù)據(jù)信號向PLC當(dāng)中傳送,并且通過PLC進(jìn)行分析和計(jì)算,將信號發(fā)送信號控制器,通過信號控制器來控制水泵運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),在設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的過程中需要與實(shí)際情況合理的進(jìn)行結(jié)合,并且對變頻器的輸出頻率進(jìn)行確認(rèn),輸出頻率在整個系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)過程中具有非常重要的意義,和系統(tǒng)的控制息息相關(guān),在確定系統(tǒng)輸出頻率是需要綜合性的分析和考慮用水量以及揚(yáng)程參數(shù)等。在整個系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中控制流程的用水量變化,主要是通過壓力變送器向PLC傳送的通過PLC進(jìn)行分析和計(jì)算,可以有效的調(diào)節(jié)循環(huán)泵的頻率,合理的分配能源,讓工作的效率提高,起到節(jié)約資源的作用。
2微電子控制機(jī)電設(shè)備在工業(yè)中的具體應(yīng)用
1)可編程序控制器(PLC)的應(yīng)用。從PLC的角度進(jìn)行分析,其主要優(yōu)勢在于具有很強(qiáng)的控制能力,而且穩(wěn)定性較高,機(jī)身體積相對較小,可以有效的和其他的配件進(jìn)行組合。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的過程中,因?yàn)闄C(jī)電設(shè)備往往會占據(jù)一定的面積,如果想讓其廠房中的占比較高,就一定要注意讓廠房的空余面積加大,盡量讓控制器的數(shù)量減少,讓機(jī)電設(shè)備的數(shù)量增多,與此同時還需要注意PLC的節(jié)能性較高相比,其他的控制系統(tǒng)可以節(jié)約資源,讓工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的成本支出降低,讓企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增加,由于PLC設(shè)備可以有效的和其他設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行組合,可以靈活方便的在廠房當(dāng)中進(jìn)行布設(shè),讓一機(jī)多用。可以實(shí)現(xiàn)讓廠房的設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步得到簡化,對設(shè)備維護(hù)中耗費(fèi)的人力物力進(jìn)行控制,減少人力輸出,可以將人力有效的分配到工業(yè)生產(chǎn)當(dāng)中,讓生產(chǎn)資料的利用效率提高。PLC的另一大優(yōu)勢在于可以通過現(xiàn)場總線和生產(chǎn)設(shè)備之間
進(jìn)行連接,有效的監(jiān)控工業(yè)生產(chǎn),可以動態(tài)化的監(jiān)控生產(chǎn)的全過程,確保在生產(chǎn)過程中,第一時間解決生產(chǎn)時產(chǎn)生的故障,避免由于機(jī)械故障而導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度停滯,讓設(shè)備的維護(hù)開支得到控制,PLC的計(jì)算速度很快,可以輕松的對生產(chǎn)時的任何變動進(jìn)行管理和控制,有效的防止由于設(shè)備變化控制器無法及時應(yīng)對而產(chǎn)生的問題,PLC還可以進(jìn)行相關(guān)的升級,伴隨當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,就算生產(chǎn)線當(dāng)中的產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生了變動,只需要正確的調(diào)整,控制程序也可以符合新產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的具體需求。
相比于其他編程操作,PLC控制器在編程的過程中較為方便,員工通過短時間的訓(xùn)練就可以熟練的掌握編程的技巧,在實(shí)際操作的過程中工作步驟相對較為簡單,可以很容易的掌握設(shè)備的維修安裝以及操作,由于PLC自帶程序編輯器只需要工作人員了解梯形語言,就可以對其進(jìn)行熟練的掌握。對控制器的工作語言進(jìn)行了解,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)故障的時候可以及時的調(diào)整和處理控制器。
2)變頻器調(diào)速器的作用。變頻器工作狀態(tài)分作自動與手動兩類,手動工作狀態(tài)即在PLC結(jié)束工作后展開的人工操作行為,經(jīng)電位器調(diào)節(jié)能對變頻器輸出頻率進(jìn)行給定。自動工作狀態(tài)實(shí)質(zhì)是PLC輸出信號為變頻器輸出頻率展開控制。和傳統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)閥控制方式相比,PLC控制可節(jié)電,更好進(jìn)行水泵磨損控制,在延長設(shè)備壽命與實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)自動化水平提升中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
第一,和傳統(tǒng)正弦波控制技術(shù)相比,因變頻器用到了電壓空間矢量控制技術(shù),先進(jìn)性和獨(dú)特性在性能上得到充分凸顯,同時因其特有的低速轉(zhuǎn)矩大、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)、諧波成分小等特征,這對我國電網(wǎng)而言輸出電壓自動調(diào)整功能能充分進(jìn)行優(yōu)勢發(fā)揮。第二,變頻器具備外部端子、鍵盤電位器與多功能段子等一系列操作方式,功能完善,可輸入多種模擬信號(如電流、電壓、頻率等效范圍檢測,轉(zhuǎn)速追蹤等);并且變頻器可實(shí)現(xiàn)擺頻運(yùn)行與程序運(yùn)行等一系列模式。第三,因變頻器全系列元件應(yīng)用的是西門子產(chǎn)品,有極強(qiáng)的保護(hù)性能,可靠穩(wěn)定,能很好的避免過流、短路、過壓等問題,確保本機(jī)能正常運(yùn)行。并且變頻器有良好的絕緣耐壓性,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量好,設(shè)定簡單等使得其有更強(qiáng)的適用性。
3)電路發(fā)揮的作用。在安裝PLC和變頻器的時候,保證電路的穩(wěn)定是保障工作的必要。電路在安裝過程中,應(yīng)該采取邊安裝邊測電的方式,這樣更能使電流穩(wěn)定,這同樣屬于工作期間需引起重視的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在電路安裝完畢之后,不要急著通電,應(yīng)該先再次檢查電路是否安裝正確,查看是否有少安裝或者多安裝的情況。另外,測量一下接觸元器件的連接點(diǎn),這樣可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一些接觸不良的地方,若有漏電情況應(yīng)該及時對此進(jìn)行維修。電路在工業(yè)中也是起到了很大的作用,在安裝電路的時候,一定要小心謹(jǐn)慎,綜合考慮多方面因素,不要遺漏一些小問題,有時一些小問題也可能出大錯,保證電路的穩(wěn)定才能更好地協(xié)調(diào)其他設(shè)備的安裝穩(wěn)定。應(yīng)認(rèn)真復(fù)查電路,查看電路有無正確安裝,或存在設(shè)備多安裝或少安裝的現(xiàn)象,同時應(yīng)認(rèn)真檢測每個接觸元器件連接點(diǎn),明確有無接觸不良或短路現(xiàn)象,若發(fā)生漏電務(wù)必要及時維修與處理。電路調(diào)試的具體流程總結(jié)如下:
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1.Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗(yàn),質(zhì)量第一,信譽(yù)第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始終如一。(ex.cn)
Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標(biāo)”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗(yàn)”等榮譽(yù)于一身的特步(中國)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個花色品種的紐扣,產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全,品種繁多,造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后,娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,在雄厚的資金保障下,通過引進(jìn)國際最先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù),進(jìn)行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新,使公司擁有強(qiáng)大的核心競爭能力。同時,通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,廣開銷路,實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展,行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前,娃哈哈正在不斷擴(kuò)大投資規(guī)模,不斷自主創(chuàng)新,向著世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)的目標(biāo)闊步前進(jìn)!(劃線部分為錯誤點(diǎn))(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 東方機(jī)械位于風(fēng)景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、文化繁榮,素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初,公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要,及時調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司,在做穩(wěn)、做強(qiáng)客車的同時,投巨資實(shí)施專用車項(xiàng)目,精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品,本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則,經(jīng)過精心籌備,四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場,便以其全新的設(shè)計(jì)、優(yōu)美的造型、細(xì)膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引進(jìn)大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團(tuán)人才聯(lián)誼會” 形成“重知識,重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)
Medical ethics
(2)全體員工精誠團(tuán)結(jié),上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風(fēng)”. The Chinese“精誠團(tuán)結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進(jìn)入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進(jìn)入飯店,帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始終堅(jiān)持以“質(zhì)量為本,科技創(chuàng)新,優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù),環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機(jī)! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設(shè)備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動化設(shè)備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽(yù)。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚(yáng)、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設(shè)有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設(shè)部批準(zhǔn),專業(yè)從事地基與基礎(chǔ)工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊(duì)伍素質(zhì)的培訓(xùn)工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進(jìn)行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓(xùn)。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系,2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認(rèn)證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)
Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證,“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5.Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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誠 信 承 諾
我謹(jǐn)在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨(dú)立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實(shí),后果由本人承擔(dān)。